Sound Periodical JDubllc Hihvavp This Volume is for REFERENCE USE ONLY r«^^lr•^"/»Tr«^lr«virr*^lr«^l^r•^'rr•Ylrr«^"rl(^1y*^"r^^^ • * « • • • I RADIO AGE RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION AV^^ : :d Pubr 'c L fbrarjr '^a-'^sas City. Mo. rtKIUUIOAL DfePl CTOBER 1948 I W'xhrii. cjjuiiiil. yi^niJu.Dit is ( M(J'> R.iJi'niiitr'i. Il.ii.in.i. 1/ im/ui/es -ut Icjl, tibove — glamoroiif inu II urmr liros. thttttrv, ulso K'< . I nfiiippvJ. ^^i,^/^^-^'^^/ Cuba's new voice among the nations • KadiiKcnlro, Station CMQ's SA.OOO.OOO K.ulio f.'\\\, is ("uba's ni:w voice among the nations. In it the newest and m«)st efficient liroadcaslinj; equip- incni is lieaulifulU and function.illv liotised .iniid fine shops, restaurants, an dMkc huilding. and the ne\s Warner Hros. theatre, all welded into a great, modern enterprise. K( A hails the significant trend toward radio Centers, such as (".MQ. that dramati/e the impor- tance «)f radio t«) the progress of modern nations. K('A is proud that from microphones lo transmis- sion tower.s.(jMQ uses RC^A equipment. Around the world the voices of the other great hroadcasl- ing stations and networks are RCA equipped, too. In planning new broadcasting or radio com- munications facilities, consult vour R('A distribu- tor. In radio and electronics. m)u buv wiseb and safeb an\ where in the world when the equipment carries the RCA trade mark, svmbol of quality and leadership. RCA INTERNATIONAL DIVISION RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA 745 FIFTH AVt., NEW YORK, N.Y., U.S.A. Radio addrtti: RAOIOINTER, N. Y. INDEX RADIO AGE, 1941-1949 (Volumes I through VIII) ALPHABETICAL INDEX A Article Number Year 1 Adventure on the Air by H. B. Summers [April] 1943 2 /ldi!e)i(i(rcs in Marketing by Frank M. Fol- som [January] 1948 3 Advertising in the Public Interest by Niles Trammell [January] 1947 4 Allocations, World Conference on Radio by Philip F. Siling [October] 1947 5 An Exciting Era Ahead by Thomas F. Jovce [October] 1944 6 A7iniversary Dinner (25th) [January] 1945 7 Antenna, Calculates .... Design [October] 1945 8 Antenna, Neu^ Television [October] 1945 9 Antenna, New Television [Julv] 1946 10 Antenna, Pylon . ... for FM (W. W. Watts address) [October] 1946 11 Antemta Reduces Interference, Television [April] 1949 12 Antennas, Better Television (J. B. Elliott ad- dress) [April] 1946 13 Antennas Point Ahead by Dr. George H. Brown [April] 1944 14 Army Takes the Air by William Burke Miller [January] 1943 15 Army-Navy "E" Is Won by RCAM Plant [October] 1942 16 ASCAP: Close Harmony [October] 1941 17 Atom's Challenge, The, by David Sarnoff [July] 1946 18 Audience Research : Critics by Request bv Hugh M. Beville, Jr. [October] ". 1946 19 Auditions for Servicemen [October] 1945 20 Aurora Spells Radio Trouble [October] 1941 21 Australia : Pacific Link [January] 1942 22 Aviation SO Years Ago, Radio and, bv George H. Clark [July] 1942 B 23 Beat the Promise by Thomas F. Joyce [Octo- ber] 1941 24 "Berkshire", Introducing the [October] 1947 25 Beverage, Signal Corps Honors RCAC [July] 1944 26 Bikini, Electronics at, by Dr. Arthur F. Van Dvck [October] 1946 27 Bloomington : RCA to Open Neiv Plant [July] 1949 28 Blue in Neiv Offices [July] 1942 29 "Blue Network Company, Inc." [January] . . . 1942 30 Blue Network: Daytime Programs Change bv Edgar Kobak [July] '. 1943 31 Blue Network Sale .Announced by RCA [Octo- ber] 1943 Article Number Year 32 Blue, New Ideas Come Out of the, by Edgar Kobak [October] 1942 33 Blue, New Offices for, [April] 1942 34 Blue Tries New Program Ideas by Philips Carlin [January] 1943 35 Bond Sales, f 10,303,600 in [October] 1942 36 Boston Symphony on Blue [January] 1943 37 Brand Names Are Trusted by Frank M. Fol- soni [April] 1948 38 British Technical Mission Visits KCA. (photo layout) [January] 1944 39 Broadcasting, 18 Years in, by Niles Trammell [October] 1944 40 Broadcasting, Plant, by David J. Finn [April] 1944 41 Broadcasting Station, Midget (George McEl- rath address) [April] 1948 42 Broadicay Play Given Try-Out [January]... 1943 43 Buck Elected President of Radiomarine [April] 1948 44 Building Human Resources by W. B. Dom- inick [July] 1944 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Cahill Elected RCA Director, John T. [July] 1946 Camden: Plant Wins "E" With Star [Janu- ary] 1943 Canada Has New Radio Voice [July] 1945 Canada Produces for War, RCA in (photo lay- out) [Julv] 1944 Canada : With RCA— North of the Border by A. Usher [July] 1943 "CC"/"MCC"/"WCC" by George Clark [Oc- tober] 1942 Chatham, Mass., Scenes from Radio Trans- mitting and Receiving Stations WCC-WIM (photo layout) [January] 1949 Chatham: New Transrnitter Building Erected for Station WCC [January] 1949 Chemistry Aids War Work by Clifford Eddi- son [October] 1943 Chess by Radio [January] 1948 China, RCA Transmitters in [January] 1945 Coin-Operated Radios [April] 1947 College-Radio Plan [July] 1948 Communications — Key to Victory by David Sarnoff [April] 1949 Communications, Modernized .... Calls for Trained Personnel by Earl Zack [April] . . 1948 Coynmtmications Secrecy by Ray Hutchens [April] 1943 Communications with Wings by H. M. Hucke [April] 1945 Oct 2 3 1950 Article Number Year 62 Courae. A i-Fold Refresher by E. A. Laport [April] 194« 63 Crystal Iluttleneek Broken, Radio, by Harry E. Leroy [October] 1943 D 64 Dakar Circuit Opens [April] 1943 65 Distribution Coats Sought, Lower, by E. W. Butler [July] 1943 66 Distribution, Modern by Frank M. Folsom [January] lOl"? 67 Drive-In Morries [October] 1946 68 Dun-Cove Sjirakcr by Dr. H. F. Olson and J. Preston [October] 1946 E 69 Echoes Mtule to Order [October] 1946 70 Ecuador: AVtc Radio Circuit Opens [July]. 1943 71 Ediirnli'^v b'l Radio by Sterling W. Fisher [April] 1949 72 Education, Radio in, bv Thomas D. Rishworth [July] 1942 73 Electron Micro-Analyzer: Device Identifies A tows [January] 1944 74 Electron Microscope Advances [January]... 1943 75 Electron Microscope Aids Dentistry [Janu- ary] 1946 76 Electron Microscope: Deeper into the Un- known [January] 1946 77 Electron Microscope: Food Research Aided [January] 1947 78 Electron Microscope Improved (J. Hillier ad- dress) [January] 1948 79 Elcrlrov Micrnsrope in Industry by Paul A. Greenmcyer [April] 1949 80 Electron Microscope iv Xcw Fields by Dr. V. K. Zworykin [January] 1942 81 Electron Microscope: Penetrating New Worlds [October] 1941 82 Electron Microxrope Progress by Dr. James Hillior [April] 1948 83 Electron Microscope: Two New Microscopes by Perry C. Smith [July] 1044 84 Electron Microscope, Snoth [January] 1947 85 Electron Microscopes Abroad (Meade Brunct address) [July] 1948 86 Electronic Clock, RCA Laboratories Develops, [October] 1942 87 Electronic Bean-Sorters by M. J. Carroll [April] 1946 88 Electrons Make Patterns by Dr. James Hillier [October] 1946 89 Enijineerinp Advances, Human, by Forrest H. Kirkpatrick [July] 1942 90 Enijineering Virtues by Alfred N. Goldsmith [April] 1942 91 Fntrstrom: Research Director [January].... 1944 92 European Outlook Brighter (Sarnoff state- ment) [April] 1949 93 Export Radios, Designing, by John Vnssos [July] 1949 A rticle Number Year 9G FM Policies, RCA Outlines (C. B. Jolliffe and Niles Trammell statements) [April] 1944 97 FM Radio for Police [January] 1948 98 FM Radios, New Circuit Lowers Cost of (S. W. Seeley statement) [October] 1945 99 FM Advances, Traces, by Dr. C. B. Jolliffe [April] 1948 100 Folsom Heads RCA Victor [January] 1944 101 "For This U> Fight" Looks Ahead by Dr. James R. Angell [July] 1943 102 Foreign Policy", "Our [April] 1945 103 iO Y'cars in Radio by David Sarnoff [October] 1946 104 'iS to See Industrial Pou-cr in Full Force by James G. Harbord [January] 1943 105 Freedom to Listen (David Sarnoff staten;ent to UN) [April] 194G 106 Freedom to Listen and Freedom to Look (David Sarnoff address— UNESCO) [Oc- tober] 1947 107 Fretch Is Honored, Mary [April] 1914 108 Fungus Fighters by Clifford Eddison [July] 1945 109 Future Linked with Science (David Sarnoff broadcast) [July] 1943 G 110 GJ.s Co Back to School by Charles J. Pannill [April] 1946 111 Glass Loses Its Glare by Dr. F. H. Nicoll [July] 1945 112 Glass Reflection Reduced (Dr. F. H. Nicoll statement) [October] 1941 H 113 Harbord, Enduring Peace Urged by General [April] 1943 114 Harhnrd is Confident of Invasion's Outcome [July] 1944 115 Harbord Sees Allied Victory [April] 1942 116 Harris, Commission to, by Mark Woods [July] 1943 117 Honorary Degrees, Three Receive [July].... 1942 118 Honorary Degrees to Folsom and Engstrom [July] 1949 119 Honored by President, S f January] 1943 120 Hopkins Presents", "Arthur [July] 1944 I 121 Image Orthicon Demonstrated, Neic RCA [October] 1945 122 India, Radio and Films in (M. Akbar Fazal- bhoy statement) [April] 1945 123 Industry Training. New Trend in, by R. C. Maslin [January] 1944 124 Information PleasI by Anita L. Barnard [July] 1942 125 Ingles Elected President of RCA Communica- tions [October] 1947 126 Ingira Heads RCA Institutes [Julv] 1947 127 I.R.E. Fellowships, Receive [.\pril] 1949 128 Italy Linked by New RCAC Station, U. S. and [April] 1944 94 Film Recording at "1,11" by H. P. Bradbury 129 [January] 1949 130 95 Fifhbein Heads Group to Analyze Programs 131 [October] 1942 Jolliffe Elected Director of RCA [October] 1947 Jolliffe Moves Tp [April] 1945 Jungle to Antarctic, From, by S. H. Simpson, Jr. [July] 1947 Article Nu7nbvr Year 132 "Know-How" in Radio, The, by Robert Shan- non [October] 1944 133 "Kukla, Fran & Ollie" [April] 1949 L 134 Lancaster Plant Holds "Open House" [July] 1945 135 Lancaster: New Factory [April] 1942 136 Laiicaster Tube Plant [July] 1946 137 Lixncaster: Tube Plant Enlarged [July] 1948 138 Latin Ainei-ica, Radio in, by Meade Brunet [October] 1947 139 Latin Americans Get RCAM Neivs Programs [October] 1942 140 Legion of Merit, Awarded (David Sarnoff — T. H. Mitchell) [October] 1944 141 Legion of Merit: Awards to RCA Officials [April] 1946 142 Lifeboat Radio, New, by Charles J. Pannill [April] 1945 143 Lifeboat Set Saves Si, RCA [July] 1943 144 Listening in from "Middle of Nowhere" by Lt. Robert Sarnoff [October] 1943 145 Listening Post [October] 1941 146 Loran, Navigating by, by Charles J. Pannill [July] 1946 M 147 "Macbeth" Sets Video Record [July] 1949 148 MacLeish Series on NBC [April] 1944 149 "Magic Brain" [October] 1941 150 Magnetron, The, by Dr. J. S. Donal, Jr. [Octo- ber] 1947 151 Making People Shock-proof by Clarence L. Menser [April] 1942 152 Man and Scie7ice bv David Sarnoff [July] . . . 1949 153 McConnell Elected RCA Executive Vice Presi- dent, J. H. [July] 1949 154 Messengers: Fast, Reliable, Colorful [Octo- ber] 1945 155 Metal Detector: Hidden Particles Detected [April] 1946 156 Metal Detectors in Industry by W. H. Bohlke [October] 1947 157 Metal Kinescope, Praises IR-Inch Studios [January] 1942 181 Outlines News Policies (William F. Brooks statement) [July] 1945 182 Prepares for Conventions [April] 1948 183 Recording Studio Produces Army Series [July] 1944 184 Reporters Cover the War by Clarence L. Menser [October] 1942 185 San Francisco: Opeyts New Radio City by Sidney N. Strotz [July] 1942 186 Sets Up Planning Group by William S. Hedges [January] 1946 187 Stations Lead in Listening Habits Poll [January] 1945 188 Students iv NBC Competition by Dr. James R. Angell [April] 1947 189 Studio 8-H Rebuilt by NBC [April] 1942 190 Three Universities Plan Radio Institutes [April] 1944 191 Tours, 25,000 Servicemen Take Free [Octo- ber] 1942 192 Trains Employees for Careers by Ernest de la Ossa [July] 1949 193 University of the Air Opens by Dr. James R. Anuell and Sterling Fisher [July] . . . 1942 194 "Nipper" Listens In by J. W. Murray [Octo- ber] 1944 195 New Era in Radio Commtinicatiotis by David Sarnoff [January] 1945 196 New Role Seen for Radio (David Sarnoff statement) [July] 1943 o 197 Occupied Nations Hear NBC [October] 1943 198 "One World" Honor (David Sarnoff) [April] 1945 199 Orchestras of the Nation [January] 1945 200 Outlook for the Radio Industry by David Sar- noff [July] 1947 201 OWI Uses Recording Units [October] 1943 202 Pack Transmitters Grow Smaller [October] . . 1948 203 Pandora, Training for bv J. F. Rigbv [Octo- bei 1 1946 204 Pandora Plan, The by Thompson H. Mitchell [July] 1946 205 Paris: Ceremonies Open New Broadcast Fa- cilities [January] 1948 206 Pasteurizing Milk' by Radio [October] 1947 207 Peace in a Changing World by David Sarnoff (Phi Beta Kappa) [January] 1949 208 Penicillin, New Systeyn for [January] 1945 209 Penicillin Production, Aids [July] 1944 ArticU Number Year 210 Personnel Aimt Outlined by Forrest H. Kirk- patrick [October] 1943 211 Phonograph Comes Back by Frank B. Walker [January] 1942 212 Phosphors Brighten Radio Picture by H. W. Lcvcrenz [October] 1943 213 Photometer: Measxires Light of Faintest Stars [October] 1947 214 Photophonc at War by Barton Kreuzer [April] 1944 215 Plane-to-Shore Message Service Opened [July] 1947 216 Plastics, Electronics Expands Horizon for [January] 1944 217 Plastics, Radio and Television Use by J. A. Millinp [April] 1947 218 Pocket Ear. The [January] 1947 219 Police Radio, Richmond, Va., Installs S-Way [October] 1948 220 Production Feat, RCA [April] 1943 221 Production Ideas, 50,000 [July] 1944 222 Production, Radio Sets in by Frank M. Fol- som [October] 1945 223 Production Wins S Awards [October] 1943 224 Programs by Documentation [April] 1948 225 Programs Possible". "Finest (NBC — 15th Anniversary) [January] 1942 226 Purchase Agreement, Post-War [April] .... 1943 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 R Radar in Aviation by H. M. Hucke (Altim- etcrs-Loran) IJanuaryl 1946 Radar, Map-Making by [July] 1947 Rndar, Praise for [July] 1948 Radar, School for [October] 1947 Radar, Ship . . . Tested by Charles J. Pannill [January] 1947 Radar, The Story of by Dr. Irving WolflF [Oc- tober] 1945 Radar, Tugboat [October] 1948 Radar — Wartime Miracle of Radio [July] . . 1943 Radio Across the Atlantic by George H. Clark [October] 1941 Radio at Sea [October] 1941 Radio at the Ready: 191,1-iS by David Sarnoff [January] 1942 Radio Communication and its Import in Inter- national Relations by David Sarnoff [Octo- ber] 1946 Radio Heat Seals Plastics by Wiley D. Wenger [October] 1946 Radio III 191,5-1,6 (David Sarnoff statement) [January] 194fi Radio in 19!,6-l,7 by David Sarnoff [January] 1947 Radio in 19^8-1,9 by David Sarnoff [January] 1949 Radio Links All Nations by Thompson H. Mitchell [October] 1944 Radio oji the High Seas by Charles J. Pannill [October] 1944 Radio on the "Rack" [July] 1943 Radio, New Advances in ... Foreseen (C. B. Jolliffe statement) f April] 1945 Radio Relays Surmount .'Storms [April] .... 1948 Radio Reports Ihr War by William F. Brooks [October] 1943 Radio Rrvtrw and a 19i8 Preview by David Sarnoff [Januar>] 1948 Radio 'Round the Earth by Jay D. Cook [Oc- tober] 1044 Radio "7 Miles Up", Tritling [July] 1943 Radio, Social Aspects of by Frank E. Mullen [October] 1944 A rticle Number Year 253 Radio Vital to Victory by James G. Harbord [January] 1944 Radio Wins High Tribute [April] 1943 Radiomarine Awarded "M" [April] 1943 Radiomarine: New Luxury Liner is RCA- Equipped [April] 1948 Radiomarine: New Marine Radio Devices [July] 1946 Radiomarine Orders Rise [April] 1942 Radiomarine Wins Army-Navy "E" [Janu- ary] 1943 Radiophone, River Pilots Laud [April] .... 1948 Radiophoto in Advertising [January] 1945 Radiophoto Service with Stockholm [April]. . 1943 Radiophoto Standards by S. H. Simpson, Jr., and R. E. Hammond [January] 1948 Radiophoto Use Expands by S. H. Simpson, Jr. [July] 1946 Radiophotoed, Music . . . from Moscow [April] 1945 Radiophotos from Cairo [July] 1942 Radiophotos from Russia [October] 1941 Radio's Great Role in the War by James G. Harbord [October] 1944 Radio's New Services by E. W. Engstrom [Oc- tober] 1944 Radio's War Role Praised [July] 1942 Radiotelegraph Traffic Doubled by Thompson H. Mitchell [January] 1947 Radiotelephone, New 6-Way by I. F. Byrnes [April] 1946 Radiothermics Speeds Industry by I. R. Baker [January] 1943 RCA: Alert Goes to Camden [October] 1941 and the war (David Sarnoff statement) [July] 1942 Cadettes Learn about Radio (photo layout) [July] 1943 Cadettes on Job by Dr. C. B. Jolliffe [April] 1944 Commmiications Circuits .Aid U. S. in War by William A. Winterbottom [Aprill 1942 Communications: Initiates Rate Reductions [April] 1946 Communications Training Operators [July] 1942 Expands Communications [January] .... 1946 Earnings Increased in 191,5 [April] 1946 Executives Promoted [January] 1946 Exhibition Hall [July] 1947 Exhibition Hall, Scenes from (photo layout) [Julv] 1947 Exhibition Hall, The [July] 1949 Fellowships, . . . .Awards by Forrest H. Kirkpatrick [January] 1948 Frequency Bureau by Philip F. Siling [Jan- uary] 1949 Income Increased in 19i.t [April] 1944 Income Rose in 19 ',2. Gross I April 1 1943 In Service to the Nation (map) [July] .... 1949 Instittites, 1,500 Students in . . . by George L. Van Dcusen [April] ' 1948 Institutes Holds Graduation (David Sarnoff address) [July] 1949 Institutes: 600 Enroll [October] 1941 Institutes Training Navy, Marine Corps Men (Octobcrl 1942 Institutes, Training Technicians at (photo layout) [October] 1948 Ixtboratories Cornerstone Laid [January] 1942 Laboratories. Dedicate New [October] .... 1942 Laboratories Groups, Names [April] .... 1943 Laboratories, Scenes from (photo layout) [April] 1945 301 Laboratories Win "E" Award [July] 1943 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 Article Number Year RCA: (cont'd) 302 Laboratories, Work Begins at Princeton by Ralph R. Beal [October] 1941 303 Man Back from Japan by J. Francis Harris [January] 1944 304 Managemetit, Changes in [January] .... 1949 305 Manufacturing Employees in New Victory Campaign [January] 1942 306 Manufacturing Groivs by Frank M. Folsom [October] 1944 307 Manufacturing Rally, 60,000 at by J. M. Smith [October] 1942 308 Men Aid Government Groups by Dr. C. B. Jollitfe [January] 1942 309 Men Rove War Fronts by W. L. Jones [January] 1944 310 Plants and Laboratories, Scenes in (photo layout) [April] 1947 311 Revieiv Ends 2nd Year [April] 1948 312 Salesmen Attend Training Course by W. Boyce Dominick [July] 1945 313 Service Company: New RCA Subsidiary [April] 1943 314 Sign Blacked Out [January] 1942 315 Stations on Long Island, Scenes from Trans- oceanic (photo layout) [July] 1946 316 Stockholders Meet (James G. Harbord ad- dress) [July] 1944 317 Stockholders Meet (David Sarnoff address) [July] 1945 318 Stockholders Meet May 5th [April] 1942 319 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad- dress) [July] 1946 320 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad- dress) [July] 1947 321 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad- dress) [July] 1948 322 Stockholders Report, . . . Makes Annual (David Sarnoff and James G. Harbord statement) [April] 1947 323 Victor Division Formed [January] 1943 324 Victor Division Plants Win "E" Stars, Two [April] 1943 325 Victor Home Instruments, Latest Models (photo layout) [July] 1947 326 Workers, Hero Lauds [April] 1943 327 Workers Launch Ship [October] 1943 328 Reading Aids, Electronic I January] 1949 329 Reading by Sounds [October] 1946 330 Record Manufacture, Pact Ends Year-Old Ban on (David Sarnoff and James Petrillo statements) [January] 1949 331 Record. New Phonograph and (45-rpm) [Jan- uary] 1949 332 Record Salesmen, Radio's [July] 1947 333 Recording Resumes, Music [January] 1945 334 Records and Record Players Aeclaitned by In- dustry, Nexv i5-rpm by J. B. Elliott [April] 1949 335 Records and Record Players, Making New 45-rpm (photo layout) [April] 1949 336 Records are Made, Hotv by W. T. Warrender (photo layout) [April] 1947 337 Records, Unbreakable [October] 1945 338 "Red Netivork" Out as NBC Designation [Oc- tober] 1942 339 Relaying by Radio by C. W. Hansell [April] 1945 340 Religion, Radio Adds to Story of by Dr. Max Jordan [April] 1943 341 "Rendezvous with Destiny" (F. D. Roosevelt speeches) [July] 1946 342 Reporting by Radio by George H. Clark [Janu- ary] 1943 343 Research Aims, RCA bv Otto S. Schairer [April] '. 1944 Article Nu77iber Year 344 Research Opens the Way by Otto S. Schairer [October] 1944 345 Research Points to Ftiture., Radio by E. W. Engstrom [April] 1943 346 Results of Pioneering by Meade Brunet [Oc- tober] 1944 347 Retirement Plati, RCA Inaugurates [January] 1945 348 Rome Station, RCA Communications Opens [July] 1944 349 Royal Wedding Films on Air in Record Time [January] 1948 350 Russia, Engineers Visit [January] 1946 s 351 Safety and Health by E. M. Tuft [October] . . 1948 352 Sailors Broadcast in 1908 by George H. Clark [April] 1942 353 Sarnoff Becomes a General [January] 1945 354 Sarnoff, France Honors (Legion of Honor) [October] 1947 355 Sarnoff Lauds Radio's War Role by David Sarnoff [January] 1943 356 Sarnoff Looks Ahead by David Sarnoff [Janu- ai-y] 1944 357 Sarnoff Meets RCA Cadettes in Indiana [Oc- tober] 1943 358 Sarnoff, President Honors (Medal for Merit) [April] 1946 359 Sarnoff Receives Top TBA Aivard [January] 1945 360 Sai-noff Speaks at Eisenhower Ceremony [Oc- tober] 1948 361 Sarnoff Urges Charter for Business [April] . . 1943 362 Scanning Microscope [July] 1942 363 Science at Netv Altitiides by David Sarnoff [April] 1947 364 Science at New Crossroads by David Sarnoff [April] 1948 365 Science in Democracy by David Sarnoff [Oc- tober] 1945 366 Science Seen in New Role (Arthur F. Van Dyck . 407 American .... Shown in Italy [July] .... 1947 408 and Human Rights by Robert P. Myers [July] 1949 409 ar7rf (/ic r/irafrc by W. W. Watts [July]. . . 1948 410 as Dunamic Sates Force (T. F. Jovce ad- dress) [April] 1944 411 as Tool of Industry, Bcal Sees .... (Ralph R. Boal address) [July] 1941 412 at the Conventions fjulyl 1948 413 at the Fight (Louis-Conn) [July] 1946 414 at r.V Council [April] 1940 415 Bolsters U. S. Economy by J. K. West [April] 1949 416 Bullfight Televised [January] 1947 417 Caravan [July] 1947 418 Casting for .... by Owen Davis, Jr. [Jan- uary] 1949 419 Color All-Electronic [January'] 1947 •120 Color . ... for Theatres (V. K. Zworykin address) [Julv] 1947 421 Color Status of (Statements by C. B. JollifTe. R. D. Kell and G. L. Beers) [January] 1947 422 Congress Opening Televised I Ax [Jubi 1949 466 Outlook of Post-War . ... is Bright (Ralph R. Benl address) [July] 1943 467 r/an /"odMrnr [October] 1943 468 Presents "Task Force TV" by Doup Rodpers [October] 1948 409 Programs, ^'ietl•ers Rate .... by Hugh M. Beville. Jr. [July] 1949 470 Progress by David Sarnoff [October] 1947 471 Projection Tubcn [July] 1945 472 Projector, New Large-Screen . . . .(6'/4- by 9^4 -foot screen) [October] 1948 473 Promotion by Charlotte Stern [January] . . 1947 1 L Article Number Year Television: (cont'd) 474 Radio Relays for .... (Ralph R. Beal state- ment) [October] 1943 475 Raid Training by .... [ April] 1942 476 RCA Demonstrates Latest .... Develop- ments [January] 1946 477 RCA-SBC Firsts in (Chronology from 1923) [January] 1946 478 Receivers in Production at RCA Victor Plant (photo layout) [July] 1948 479 Receivers, New .... [October] ltU6 480 Recording by Robert M. Fraser [July] 1948 481 Reports Vote [Januarv] 1945 482 Scenery Design by N. Ray Kelly [July] . . 1945 483 Servicemen at Work, RCA .... (photo lay- out) [October] 1948 484 Social Influence, A by John F. Royal [April] 1946 485 Station in South America, First . . . .(Mon- tevideo) [April] 1944 486 Status of . . . ., The bv J. G. Wilson [April] 1949 487 Store Video, 250,000 See [January] 1946 488 Studio, New (NBC-8G) [July] 1948 489 Studios: The Ptntj's the Thing (photo lay- out) [October] 1945 490 Submarine .... by O. B. Hanson [July] . . 1947 491 Suppresses TV Interference [April] .... 1949 492 Surgeons Watch Operations by [October].. 1947 493 Tivo-Way .... by David Sar'noff [July] . . 1948 494 Uses of ... . by Noran E. Kersta [July] . . 1947 495 Thomp.'ion Dies in .Action [January] 1945 496 Time Control, Builds New [January] 1943 497 Toscanini Returns to NBC [October] 1942 498 Toscanini, Stokotvski, Sign [April] 1943 499 Toscanini Televised [April] 1948 500 Trade. Radio Aids World by J. G. MacKenty [July] 1945 501 Trademark, History of RCA by Abraham S. Greenberg [October] 1945 502 Trademark with a Heritage by Abraham S. Greenberg [.■\pril] 1946 503 Trademarks, The Meaning of by Abraham S. Greenberg [October] 1948 504 Traffic Control, Radio Aids [.^u\y^ 1942 505 Trammell Elected tn Board [April] 1945 506 Transcribed", "This Program is [July] 1942 507 Tube Detects Leaks in Vacjiums, New [Oc- tober] 1947 508 Tube Has "Memory", New [April] 1947 509 Tube Has "Memory", New [April] 1949 510 Tube Market, Sees Vast New (L. W. Tee- parden address) [Januarv] 1945 511 Tube. The Millionth TV [July] 1949 512 Tube-Painting, Electronic [October] 1947 513 Tube Weighs 1 /1.5th Ounce [July] 1946 514 Tubes: Aladdin's Electronic Lamp by L. W. Teegarden [October] 1944 515 Tubes are Made, How Radio (photo layout) [July] 1945 516 Tubes: Electrons at Work by R. S. Burnap [July] 1942 517 Tubes for Television, Making (photo layout) [January] 1947 518 Tubes in Miniature [April] 1945 519 Tubes Key to Progress by B. J. Thompson [January] 1944 520 Tubes Made New, Old by L. W. Teegarden [April] 1943 521 Tubes, Miniatttre Radio [April] 1947 522 Tubes. New Field for Electron by L. W. Tee- garden [.\pril] 1946 523 Tubes Rushed [January] 1942 524 Tubes: Trend is to "Miniatures" by L. W. Teegarden [January] 1948 A rticle Number Year 525 Turkey Exjiands Radio System [April] 1947 526 Tut tie Elected RCA Treasurer, Arthur B. [July] 1946 527 Twenty-Five Years of Radio, Foreword: by David Sarnoff [October] 1944 528 Two-Way Radios for Taxis [April] 1948 u 529 Ultra fax: Million Words a Minute (David Sarnoff address) lOctober] 1948 530 Urges Clergy to Guide Mankind in Atomic Era (David Sarnoff address) [April] 1946 531 Urges Freedom for Radio (Niles Trammell statement) [January] 1944 5.'52 "V" in Radio [October] 1941 533 VanDyck: Heads LR.E. [January] 1942 534 VT Fuse: Missiles with "Radio Brains" [Oc- tober] 1945 w ,535 Walkie-Talkics, Emergency [April] 1944 536 War Fronts, Covering the by William F. Brooks [April] 1945 537 War Production, From Peace to by Robert Shannon [April] 1942 538 War Production, RCA (photo layout) [July] 1943 539 War Work, Ideas Spur by Elmer C. Morse [January] 1943 540 War Workers Linked in Yule Party, 30,000 [January] 1944 541 Wartime Achievements in Radio [AprWI 1945 542 WEAF in 20th Anniversary [October] 1942 543 Welcome Home Aiiditions by C. L. Menser [Januarv] 1945 544 Western Union to Use RCA Relay [October] 1945 545 "What's New?" is Radio Hit [October] 1943 546 "What's New?", RCA to Sponsor Radio Show [Julv] 1943 547 Wliiteman .Joins Bine, Paul \.\pri\'\ 1943 548 Winterhottom Marks SOth Year unth RCA [July] 1944 549 Wire. Recording Sound on [January] 1948 550 Wolff. Navy Honors Dr. [July] 1949 551 Women in Radio [July] 1945 552 Women in War Jobs by Forrest H. Kirkpatrick [April] 1943 553 Women Present NBC Scries [April] 1944 554 WPB Awards. (? RCAM Employees Win High National [October] 1942 555 WPB Honors RCA Workers [April] 1943 556 WPB Merit Awards, S in RCA Victor Win [Julv] 1943 557 Wynkoop Elected Head of Radiomanne, Ad- miral [April] 1949 558 Zworykin Elected Vice-President, Dr. V. K. [April] 1947 559 Zworykin Receives Lamme Medal [July] 1949 560 Zworykin Receives Poor Richard Club Award, Dr. [January] 1949 RADIO AGE Allev, Paul, 432 Angell, Dr. James R., 101, 171, 188, 193 B Baker, I. R., 273 Barnard, Anita L., 124 Batsel,M. C, 385 Beal, Ralph R., 302, 367, 411, 465, 473 Beers, G. L., 421 Beville, Huph M. Jr., 18, 468 Bohlke, W. H., 156 Bradburv. H. D., 94 Brooks, William F., 177, 181, 248, 447, 536 Brown, Dr. George H., 13 Brunei, Meade, 85, 138, 346 Burnap, R. S., 516 Butler, E. W., 65 Byrnes, I. F., 272, 377 Cahill, Edward C, 390 Carlin, Philips, 34 Carroll, M. J., 87 Chase, Gilbert, 463 Clark, George H., 22, 50, 235, 342, 352 Cook, Jay D., 250 Crotty, A. Burke, 453 D Davis, Owen, Jr., 418 de la Ossa, Ernest, 192 Dominick, W. B., 44, 312 Donal, Dr. J. S., Jr., 150 Eddison, Clifford, 53, 108 Eiges, Sydnev H., 456 Elliott, J. B., 12, 334 Elwood, John, 379 Engstrom, E. W., 269, .345, 455 Ewald, George R., 387 Fazalbhoy, M. Akbar, 122 Finn, David J., 40 Fisher, Sterling W.. 71, 193 Folsom, Frank M., 2, 37, 66, 222, 306, 440, 443 Fra.ser, Robert M., 479 Gaskill, Marvin L., 425 Goldsmith, Dr. A. N., 90 Graf, Dr. Herbert, 462 Greenberg, Abraham S., 501, B02, 503 Greenmeyer, Paul A., 79 Guy, Raymond, 378 H Hallborg, Henry E., 396 Halpin, Dan, 433 Hammond, R. E., 263 1941-1949 (\'olitmrn I through VIII) AUTHOR INDEX (Numbers refer tu Alphabetical Index) Hansen, C. W., 339 Han.son, O. B., 489 Harbord, James G., 104, 253, 268, 316, 322 Harris, J. Francis, 303 Harstone, Jean E., 172 Heacock, R. H., 391 Hedges, William S., 186 Hillier, Dr. James, 78, 82, 88 Hooper, Richard H., 493 Hucke. H. M., 61,227 Hutchens, Ray, 60 J Jolliflfe, Dr. C. B., 96, 99, 246, 277, 308, 368, 383, 421, 429, 446 Jones, Loren F., 403 Jones, W.L., 309, 374 Jordan, Dr. Max, 340 Joyce, Thomas F., 5, 23, 410, 428 K Kell, R. D., 421 Kelly, N. Ray, 481 Kersta, Noran E., 494 Kirkpatrick, Forrest H., 89, 210, 287, 552 Knowles, William H., 427 Kobak, Edgar, 30, 32 Kreuzer, Barton, 214 Laport, E. A., 62 L Law, Dr. Harold B., 370 Leroy, Harry E., 63 Leverenz, H. W., 212 Little, R. v., Jr., 450, 451 M MacKenty, J. G., 600 Maloff, I. G., 450, 452 Maslin, R. C, 123 McDonagh, Richard, 371 McElrath, George, 41 Mcnser, Clarence L., 151, 184, 543 Merryman, Philip, 426 Miller, William Burke, 14 Milling, J. A., 217 Mitchell. Thompson H., 204, 243, 271 Morse, Elmer C, 539 Morton, Alfred H., 437 Morton, Dr. G. A., 404 Mullen. Frank E.. 252. 459 Murray. J. W., 194 Myers. Robert P., 408 N NicoU.Dr. F.H., 111,112 O Olson, Dr. Harry F.. 68, 386, 388 P Pannill, Charles J., 110, 142, 146, 231, 244 Petrillo, James. 330 Preston, J., 68 R Rhea, Henry E., 436 Rigby, J. F., 203 Rishworth, Thomas D.. 72 Rodgers. Doug. 467 Rose, Dr. Albert. 431 Royal, John F.. 483 Rundle, H. M., 395 S Sarnoff, David, 17, 58, 92, 103, 105, 106, 109, 152. 195, 196, 200, 207, 237, 238. 240, 241, 242, 249, 275, 293, 317, 319, 320. 321, 322, 330, 355, 356, 363, 364, 365, 405, 424, 461, 464, 469. 492, 527, 529, 530 Sarnoff. Robert W.. 144 Schairer, Otto S., 343, 344 Seelev. S. W., 98 Seth. William R., Jr., 167 Shannon, Robert, 132, 537 Siling. Philip F.. 4. 288 Simpson. S. H.. Jr.. 131. 263, 264 Smith, Carlefon D.,448 Smith. J. M., 307 Smith. Perry C. 83 Smith. T. A., 158 Sparks. Sidney. 400 Stern, Charlotte, 472 Strotz, Sidney N., 185, 441 Summers, H. B.. 1 T Teegarden, L. W., 157, 510, 514, 520, 522. 524 Thompson, B. J., 519 Trammell, Nilcs, 3, 39, 96, 168, 175, 179, 4.58. 531 Tuft. E. M.. 351 U Usher, A.. 49 V Van Deusen, George L., 292 Van Dyck, Dr. Arthur F., 26, 366 Vassos, John, 93 W Walker, Frank B., 211 Warrender, W. T., 336 Watts. W. W.. 10, 389, 409, 444 Wenger. Wiley D.. 239 West, John K., 415 Wilson. J. G., 485 Wintcrbottom. William A., 278 Wolff, Dr. Irving. 232 Woods, Mark. 116 Z Zack. Earl. 69 Zworvkin, Dr. V. K.. 80, 394, 404, 406. 420 RADIO AGE RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION f^HHJOif.iAL oen COVER •'^'^vS I An RCA image orthicon television camera sweeps the flight deck of the U.S.S. Leyte during NBC's thrill- ing telecast from the carrier while it was operating at sea in mock maneuvers. Services of RCA are: RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Victor Division RCA Communications, Inc. diomarine Corporation of America itional Broadcasting Company, Inc. RCA Institutes, Inc. RCA Service Company, Inc. RCA International Division VOLUME S NUMBER I OCTOBER 1948 CONTENTS PAGE ULTR.4FAX: MILLION WORDS A MI.Nl'TE 3 TELEVISION PRESENTS "TASK FORCE TV" hy Dong Rodgers 7 SARNOFF SPEAKS AT EISENHOWER CEREMONY 10 NEW LARGE-SCREEN TELEVISION PROJECTOR H MORE CHANNELS FOR TELEVISION 12 TELEVISION JOINS RADIO IN COVERING ELECTION RETURNS by William F. Brooks 13 TRAINING TECHNICIANS AT RCA INSTITUTES 14 TELEVISION HEADS WEST 15 RCA TELEVISION SERVICEMEN AT WORK 16 MAKING FINE MESH SCREENS by Dr. Harold B. Law 18 TUGBOAT RADAR 20 THREE SCIENTISTS HONORED 21 SAFETY AND HEALTH by E. M. Tuft 23 TELEVISION IN SPAIN 25 PACK TRANSMITTERS GROW SMALLER 27 RICHMOND VA., INSTALLS 2-WAY POLICE RADIO 28 FILM DRAMAS FOR TELEVISION 29 THE MEANING OF TRADE-MARKS by Abraham S. Greevberg 31 RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA Building, New York 20. N. Y. David Sarnoff, President and Chairman of the Board Lewis MacConnach, Secretary Akthur B. Tuttle, Treasurer Radio Age is published quarterly by the Department of Information, Radio Corporation of America, .30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20. N. Y. MICROWAVE BEAM- ''UnOOtCAL DfcTk FILM RECORCING ^-^ OF INCOMING f P MATERIAL ' ' PROJECTION KINESCOPE AT RECEIVrNG TERMINAL SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF A COMPLETE ULTRAFAX SYSTEM SHOWING THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS WIIUII MAKE POSSIBLE THE MILLION-WORDS-A-MINUTE TRANSMISSION SPEED OF THE NEWLY DEVELOPED MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION. Ultrafax: Million Words a Minute Sartioff Foresees Ultrafax Opening New Era in National and International Communications — He Urges Study Lookitig Toward the Establishment of a New National Communications Policy ULTRAFAX, a newly developed system of television communi- cations capable of transmitting and receiving written or printed mes- sages and documents at the rate of a million words a minute, was dem- onstrated publicly for the first time by the Radio Corporation of Amer- ica at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., on October 2L Brigadier General David Sarnoff, President and Chairman of the Board of RCA. declared that Ultra- fax, which splits the seconds and utilizes each fraction for high-speed transmission of intelligence, is as significant a milestone in communi- cations as was the splitting of the atom in the world of energy. Among the possible developments which General SarnofF foresaw were : 1. The exchange of international television programs achieved on a transoceanic basis. 2. A service of television and Ultrafax by which the same receiv- ing set would bring various types of publications into the home, or a newspaper for that matter, without interrupting the program being viewed. 3. A system of world-wide mili- tary communications for this coun- try, scrambled to the needs of secrecy, which with ten transmitters could carry in sixtj' seconds the peak load of message traffic cleared from the Pentagon Building in twentv-four hours during the height of World War IL 4. The establishment of great newspapers as national institutions, by instantaneous transmission and reception of complete editions into every home equipped with a tele- vision set. 5. The transmission of a full- length motion picture from a single negative in the production studio simultaneously to the screens of thousands of motion picture thea- tres throughout the country. 6. The possibility of a new radio- mail system with the vast pickup and delivery services of the Post Oflice Department. Representatives of the United States Armed Forces, Government agencies, industry and the press witnessed the introduction of this advanced communications system. RCA presented the demonstration as a "progress report" to show that the .vC '■- Potential laboratory technicians and radio station engi- neers attend a lecture on rodio circuits. K f A^/ f',/ jvL:Ajkl lUANK M. KOI.SOM, KXECl IIVK VH K PKESIDKNT IN CHARCE OF THE KCA VICTOR DIVISION (LCT'T) AND CHARLES A. DOSTAL, VICE PRESIDENT, WESTI.N(;H0USE electric corporation, at appliance TRADE DINNER IN SAN FRANCISCO. TELEVISION HEADS WEST San Francisco will he Test Point for Video Because of Problems Raised by Mountainous Region, Folsom Tells Trade Association. TELEVISION, having proved itself in the East by its wide variety of entertainment and its up-to-the-minute coverage of major sports, political conventions, and news events, now faces toward the West, according to Frank M. Fol- som, Executive Vice President in Charge of the RCA Victor Division. Speaking at the Western Radio and Appliance Trade Dinner in San Francisco, on August 4, Mr. Folsom told retailers and distribu- tors that "the entire nation will be watching the progress of television in San Francisco with close atten- tion," because through experience gained in that city, he said, the industry will learn much about the ability of the service to operate in a mountainous region, and from the tests made there many interesting new developments should result. In reviewing television prospects in the Golden Gate city, Mr. Folsom said: "Three stations already have been granted construction permits in San Francisco. One will be owned by the American Broadcast- ing Company, another by Associ- ated Broadcasters, Inc., and the third by the San Francisco Chron- icle, to be affiliated with NBC." With only six channels available to the San Francisco-Oakland re- gion, he pointed out, six broad- casters are seeking the remaining three unassigned channels. These are: Twentieth Century-Fox of California, Inc., Paramount Televi- sion Productions, Inc., the Colum- bia Broadcasting System, Don Lee Broadcasting Company, Television California, and station KROW, in Oakland. Sizeable sums are being invested in television by broadcasters seek- ing outlets on the West Coast, said Mr. Folsom. Construction figures range as high as $691,785, with one applicant planning to spend S921,- (>9o for his first year's operation. Plans are well along, he said, for linking San Francisco by cable and relays with all major cities to the North, the Ea.st and the South. Although coast-to-coast networks are not expected to be in operation until the end of 10.52, Folsom said, regional links will supply intercon- necting television service for West Coast municipal neighbors at a much earlier date. Then, with the West and the East linked by net- works, national advertisers, no longer restricted to locally origi- nated [irograms or shows recorded on film, will be able to present tele- vision programs using talent that would be far too costly for individ- ual station showings. In emphasizing the importance of video's future role as an adver- tising medium, the RCA executive quoted Amos Parrish, noted mer- chandising consultant : "Television is the bigge.st thing since radio. And it will out-sell radio in selling goods many to one, because it appeals to your eyes as well as to your ears. And the eyes are still the windows to your soul — especially your buying soul. "We don't know and we don't want to know what's in a television set, because we don't understand it. But we do know there is one thing — one of the elements that makes up the future of America — and that means it has no limits. That no- limit element is a combination of excellent reporting, teaching, en- tertaining, selling. This element says in undebatable terms: 'Stop, Listen and LOOK!' And people will not only 'Stop, Listen, and LOOK!'— but they will also buy." Television receivers are rolling off production lines in an increasing spiral, Mr. Folsom revealed. Today more than 500,000 are in the pub- lic's hands. By the end of the year, he predicted, the industry should have produced in excess of 850,000 television receivers. In 1949, the estimated output should be 1,600,- 000 receivers, representing a poten- tial retail business of more than $400,000,000. As its share of this figure, Mr. Folsom said, San Fran- cisco can expect a television re- ceiver business with a retail volume of more than $10,000,000. "Proud as we are of the business stature television has attained," he said in conclusion, "we're even prouder of the many excellent ways in which it has served and will con- tinue to serve humanity with major roles envisioned for it in educa- tional, religious, industrial and military fields." [RADIO AGE 15] 1. An inslallalion crew receives orders from the despatcher at an RCA Service Compony office, the first step in servicing a new television receiver. i 4. When the truck arrives at the customer's house, the RCA dipole receiving antenna is assembled on the ground before being erected on the roof. j 2. The two-man RCA installotion crew checks equip- ment before leaving the service depot in the com- pletely equipped truck. I S. Using special rigging and supports, the antenna Is clamped securely to the most suit- able spot on the roof. 5. Credentials of the RCA service crew are pre- sented to the new owner of a television set before starting work on the television installation. 4 i. Holes ore drilled in the side of the house to support hooks (or the RCA "Bright-picture" tape which conveys signals to the receiver. Mtlll*iHCRj.-M->iM-„- ~ RCA Television Servicemen at W8rk In many cities and towns from coast to coast, RCA Service Company technicians are installing RCA Victor television receivers at a constantly increasing rate. The pictures on this page, taken by Don Reed and Nick Strinkowski of the Bryn Mawr, Pa., service depot, portray some of the important steps in the daily routine of a television service crew. 7. A 10-inch RCA kinescope is Inserted into the socket of the television receiver to complete the installation inside the home. 10. Before leaving the installation, an RCA Serv- ice Company crewman explains the operation of the receiver to the woman-of-the-house. 8. One RCA technician observes results as the antenna is oriented and gives orders to the -other crew member when the best picture is obtained 11. Television receivers requiring complicated repairs or adjustments are brought to the RCA service shop where the most modern equipment is available. :SllAUl)VV I'KTURES OF 200, 500, 1000, AND 1500 MESH SCREENS ENLARGED 200 TIMES BY ELXCTRON MlCROSCOrE. MAKING FINE MESH SCREENS Metallic Gossamers of Extreme Fineness Arc Made for Image Orthkon Tubes by Process Developed at RCA Laboratories by electrolysis. They had about 200 holes per linear inch, or 40,000 openings to the s()iiare inch. How- ever, these metallic gossamers passed less than 40 percent of the electron imape and, in addition, were non-uniform in the arrange- ment of openings. Although these were the screens that had to be used in early models of the image orthicon, it was imme- diately obvious that they would seriously restrict picture quality. Because of the possible value of the image orthicon in military ap- plications, a search was started for a method of making a high trans- mission, uniform screen of 500 mesh or more. Out of this war- intensified activity came a proce- dure that, on a small scale, delivered very uniform screens up to 1.500 mesh, three times the goal. On the opposite page is an at- tempt to illustrate the fineness of a .'iOO-mesh screen. A small section of screen was laid over a period of the size which ends this sentence and the combination was enlarged about 70 times. Small as the dot appears to the naked eye, neverthe- less, the photomicrograph reveals that 66 perfectly-formed, conii)lete openings of the .>icreen are included within the circumference f fire the maga- zine may be pushed to safety. RCA \'ictor, however, wouldn't take the chance of having to have the explosive pushed out of the building in the event of a fire. It built a "Class A Magazine", a brick building out in the yard remote from plant buildings. In this struc- ture, the "Class B Magazine" icas stored. Preventive actions such as this are an everyday occurrence at all RCA Victor plants. In this Com- pany, safety literally starts on the drawing board. Working closely with engineering, the safety staff is consulted on any new products, processes or procedures. Nen- Machines Studied Safety precautions begin with the study of the materials specified for toxicity or other hazards. Then, the production procedure is ana- lyzed and specifications set down for safe operations. If there are any new machines to be used, their plans are also carefully examined together with their lay-out. to make certain that no new hazards will be introduced. If a hazard is discov- ered in connection with a machine or piece of equipment, the mecha- nism is "tagged" with a bright yel- low card, which means that it must (Continued on page SO) SAFETY COOnLES FOR WORKERS AND PROTECTIVE CAB- I.VETS FOR KlNF.S(OPE TL'BES HAVF, REDUCED THE I'llSSIBII.ITV OK EYE-ArCIDENTS. O. C. BOILEAO (RIGHT) SAFETi- SUPER^^SOR AT CAMDEN, WATCHES A SUBSTANCE BEING TESTED FOR FLAMMA- BII.ITY IN TMV • "VN'i' >l 1'MYSIlAL LABORATORY. TELEVISION IN SPAIN Madrid Audiences Watch Telecasts of Dances, Street Scenes and Bullfights in Demonstration of American Video Equipment A high degree of success has been attained by the Radio Corporation of America in acquaint- ing the Spanish people with the progress of American television. In a series of demonstrations con- ducted in Madrid by representa- tives of the RCA International Division, the latest types of RCA television receivers, cameras and relay equipment went into action at the Government Palace and in the ancient streets and plazas of the capital. Highlighting the per- formance were direct pick-ups from one of Spain's most famous bull- fighting arenas. Beginning in July with private showings for Spanish officials at the Palace, the demonstrations were continued until the latter part of August, with the coopera- tion of Rey Soria & Company, RCA distributors in Spain. The pick- ups featured typical dances of Sevilla and Aragon, reviews of the Moorish Guards, presentation of American motion pictures and the traditional drama of "blood and sand." Sixteen of the newest models of RCA Victor television receivers reproduced the scenes transmitted by two mobile television units. Despite early technical difficul- ties, the first television pick-ups of bullfights in Spain received enthus- iastic response from the press and the hundreds of spectators who packed an amusement center, six miles from the celebrated Vista Alegre Arena, where the noted matador, Domingo Dominguin, staged the spectacle. More than two hours before the television show got under way the theatre in downtown Madrid was crammed to capacity with some 2,000 bullfight fans, eagerly await- ing one of the early exhibitions. In all, three Sunday bullfighting OLD AND NEW MEET IN A MADRID PLAZA WHERE A MONUMENT TO FERDINAND VII IS USED AS BACKGROUND IN TELEVISING A STREET SCENE. "corridas" were covered by RCA television, and the famed impre- sario, Dominguin, had this to say about the introduction of the new television art into the ancient pas- time of Spain: "I am extremely pleased that the Spanish people have had the opportunity of seeing television and of witnessing the televising of bullfights. It is a won- derful combination of the old and the new — of spectacular entertain- ment and science." Several members of the RCA television crew were veterans of televising bullfights in Mexico last year. They were assisted by Spanish technicians who became quickly skilled in handling the video gear. After official and public demonstra- tions they participated in the send- off for the introduction of television in Spain. The Madrid press received the bullfight coverage with enthusiasm, offering the consensus that in many instances the televised pictures of the events were brighter than the actual scenes in the arena. The Madrid daily, Hoja del Lunes, declared editorially: "Per- fect quality of pictures and sound was demonstrated by RCA tele- vision in co%-ering the bullfights." Another newspaper, Diario Alc(v- USING A TELEPHOTO LENS, A TELEVISION CAMERAMAN FOCUSES ON ACTION IN A FAR CdRNKR <1F A .^PORTS ARE.NA. [RADIO AGE 25] F*Ub»f c L/b '*ary ''^"sa. c.ty. ^,^ zar, said: "Spectators at the arena crowded around the television monitoring- equipment near the end of last ni^'ht's performance when heavy clouds caused poor visibility in the arena. The television view- ers saw pictures that were much brighter than the actual scene in the arena." The Diario de Madrid' added: "RCA deserves warm jiraise for its television coverage of a Spanish bullfighting spectacle. Television enabled viewers many kilometers from the arena to see the events with excellent fidelity." During the television demonstra- tions in Madrid the city displayed colorful posters advertising what it termed a "television corrida" and gave wide acclaim to RCA representatives and the distribut- ing organization. At intervals, the noted Dominguin stood behind the RCA producer Ed Price, and ad- vised him on camera shots. Domin- guin, himself a sports impresario, announced that he hoped to employ television in coverage not only of bullfighting, but in other events such as boxing and wrestling, when television makes its permanent en- trance into Spain. In October, 1946, a television crew of the RCA International Division journeyed to Mexico and demonstrated the RCA .-system with a series of pick-ups in the capital. There, success was achieved for the first time in the pick-up and trans- mission of bullfight scenes. Later, in June. 1947, the first demonstration of the American tele- vision system on the continent of Europe was conducted by RCA at the Milan International Fair and at various other Italian sites, includ- ing Vatican City, where Pope Pius XIII was televised for the first time. These demonstrations were held in conjunction with the celebration in Italy of the 50th anniversary of the invention of radio. Members of the RCA Interna- tional Division's television crew who introduced the video art to Spain were William J. Reillv, C. E. Davis, T. J. Shipferling, F. \V. Millspaugh and Ed Price. On hand for the initial exhibition were Vice- Admiral William A. Glassford, European Manager of RCA; John F. Royal, Vice President and As- sistant to the President, National Broadcasting Company: and Carlos Villalvazo, European Field Repre- sentative of the RCA International Division. SCENES SUCH AS THIS, PICKED UP BY AN IMACE ORTHICON CAMERA FROM A LOCAL BULLKinHTI.VG ARKNA WERE SHOWN IN A CROWD- PArKEI> M\riUII) TIIEATRF.. 300 Engineers Complete Television Courses More than 300 broadcast engi- neers from leading radio networks and independent stations in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Mexico, have completed the television technical training courses being conducted by the Engineering Products Department of the RCA Victor Division in Camden, N. J. Conducted by "popular request" in Camden and also on the West Coast the week-long clinics acquaint broadcast technicians with the theory, design, operation, and main- tenance of the latest television equipment. A combination of tech- nical sessions and practical demon- strations familiarizes the engineers with problems concerning the in- stallation and operation of televi- sion systems. Each cour.se, staffed by the same RCA television engi- neers who designed the equipment and are familiar with every phase of its operation, is delivered at an engineering level. Technical sessions include dis- cussions of all aspects of television technical operation, ranging from fundamental theory to layout of television studios, kinescope photog- raphy, and the use of mobile tele- vision microwave equipment in the coverage of remote broadcasts. Practical demonstrations for those attending the fifth clinic in the Camden series, were held in a newly constructed television studio where the visiting engineers wit- nessed a live video program from the control position. They also were given an opportunity to operate the cameras, control equipment, and the 16mm and .S.'Smm projectors used in televising motion picture film. In adjoining laboratories, they viewed demonstrations of RCA's 7000- megacycle relay equipment used for relaying television programs be- tween remote pickup locations and the studio. Included in the training programs were a tour of the transmitter pro- duction plant and inspection trips to RCA's experimental television station W3XEP and RCA labora- tories in Princeton, N. J. [2C RADIO AGCj Pack Transmitters Grow Smaller Latest Model Weighs Only 24 Pounds, Complete with Batteries, and Has a Range Up to 20 Miles The first known successful broad- cast usinjr a pack transmitter was made in 1929 by a parachute jumper who described the sensations of his descent to earth as an NBC feature. The pack transmitter used by that hardy and unknown soul was quite heavy, had only fair tonal quality, was somewhat unstable in the frequency of its signals and could be operated only for short periods due to limited battery life. However, the broadcast was suc- cessful and created widespread interesL Since that time, the pack trans- mitter has become an essential tool of the broadcaster. Portable, low- powered, high-frequency self-con- tained stations of this general type are now used extensively for the relaying of sound broadcasts dur- ing golf matches, parades, street in- terviews and at large assemblages, such as political conventions. But the size as well as the capa- bilities of the instrument have undergone noteworthy evolution. These improvements are typified in the latest model developed within the past year by NBC engineering talent. In the Spring of 1947, George McElrath, NBC engineer executive, called in Jarrett L. Hathaway, NBC's assistant manager of engi- neering development — then a staff engineer — and told him the iietw^ork needed seven new pack transmitters for its owned and operated stations and for Western Division head- quarters at Hollywood. Hathaway investigated the possibility of get- ting seven pack transmitters of ex- isting types in a hurry. But a thor- ough study of the situation con- vinced him that such a project w-ould be excessively expensive. In addition, the current models wei-e ten years old with tubes and cir- cuit already obsolete, moreover, the method of controlling the frequency was not sufficiently accurate to meet the Federal Communications Com- mission's new standards. Hatha- way knew, too, as did the other engineers — and especially the field men — that the units then in use were too big, too heavy and too cumbersome. This whole situation represented a challenge to any engineer charged with the procurement of new elec- tronic eciuipmcnt, so Hathaway de- termined to design a new pack transmitter that would be lighter, smaller and more efiicient. Forthwith he set to work on the basic circuit and after a short time, when he was satisfied with the foundation, he called in William Ilotine, X1:!C development engineer, who added the mechanical details and refined the electrical circuits. Time devoted to the project from the start through the stage of manu- facture was over a year, and in May. 1948, the pack transmitter was approved by Hathaway fi-om an engineering standpoint. The following month, it was used on the air for the first time during J. L. HATHAWAY HOLDS THE LATEST STREAMLINED MODEL OF THE PACK TRA.N'SMITTER. BATTERIES TO OPERATE THE U.XIT FOR 6 HOCRS ARE INSIDE THE CABINET. THIS EAKI.V VEUSIo.N (l^ IHh rolU - ABLE TRANSMITTER WAS LARCE AND CUMBERSO.ME AND REQUIRED A LE.NGTH OF WIRE FOR ITS ANTENNA. the broadcast of a golf match in Hollywood. That particular pack transmitter had been brought to Hollywood for the National Asso- ciation of Broadcasters convention in May, and was left there with XBC Western Division engineers. This was the pack transmitter that was used fairly extensively at the recent major political conventions in Philadelphia for remote pickups and for cue-channel transmission. The latter provides off-the-air cues and conversations between remote points and control booths. The new pack transmitter is high quality, low powered and high fre- quency, designed for remote pickup of sound broadcast programs when extreme mobility and freedom of action are required. It is about one- third smaller in size and weight than previous models, yet is capable of improved performance. The sav- ing in space and weight was made possible by the type of construction employed, together with the use of miniature components, including tubes. Other features are simplified tuning controls, high level modula- tion, automatic audio gain control. [RADIO AGE 27] hijrh frequency pre-emphasis and high quality monitoring. The newest pack transmitter has been designed for use within the 25 to 32 megacycle frequency band. The external housing dimensions are only 9''.i inches wide by 12^4 inches high by 5-''s inches in depth. This size permits easy carrying, since the unit does not protrude too far from the back, and the height is small enough to avoid the annoy- ing bumping of the lower edge against the hip of the operator — a common curse of the older trans- mitters. The overall weight, in- cluding batteries and protective cover, is only 24 pounds. Batteries provide about six hours of continu- ous operation, which corresponds to about fifteen hours of operation at a rate of one hour a day. Range is WITH PACK TRANSMITTER AND BATTERIES STRAPPED TO HIS BACK AN EXER- CISE BOY GIVES A RUNNING ACCOUNT OF HIS JAUNT AS A BROADCAST FEATURE FIFTEEN YEAB8 AGO. one to twenty miles, depending on extraneous noise at the receiving location and also on the nature of the terrain over which the signals must travel. Diligent research through the intervening years has made possible the several successively smaller and more efficient pack transmitters. No one will venture a prediction as to the limit of improvement which one day may be reached. RICHMOND, VA, INSTALLS 2-WAY RADIO FOR POLICE More Than "\vood by Jerry Fairbanks, the series stars John Howard and features a cast of well- known players. Critics who have seen previews have been enthusi- astic in their reports. Newsweek called the series the best news the home televiewer has had "since the World Series". Through the NBC Television Re- cording System — a system of tak- ing motion picture film off the face of a kinescope — the televiewer re- ceives picture quality equal to the best sixteen millimeter home motion pictures. Developed Over Ten-Year Period Television recording was devel- oped over a period of ten years by NBC engineers working under the supervision of 0. B. Hanson, vice president and chief engineer. Diffi- cult technical problems, once thought insoluble, were overcome and the system is now a working reality. The system received its baptism of fire with the two national political conventions. While the conclaves were under way, engineers in New York stood by with the recording cameras to put on film all the high- lights in Philadelphia. The NBC Television Recording System provides the method of syn- dication for the network to bridge the gap until interconnecting facili- ties are available. Although the "howdy doody", popular juveniie program, is being distributed to af- filiated television outlets by means of kinescope recordings. f^-^' ^ [RADIO AGE 29] midwest television chain centering around ChicaKo will be connected with the East Coast by Jan. 1, 1949, there will be many NBC Television stations which will not be on the network for some time. Thus, the recording system will provide an effective interim networking' ar- ran Kerne nt. At the bepinninfr of September, si.x major SBC Television Feature Service program series were offered to non-interconnected video outlets of the network. This marked the first regular use of the system. The series were: "Musical Miniatures," televised three times weekly, on the east coast network and featuring well-known pianists and singers; Richard Harkness' "Story of the Week," a fifteen-minute interview program with leading personalities in the news; "Stop Me If You've Heard This One," starring Morey Amsterdam, Cal Tinney and Lew Lehr, a half hour comedy program; "America Song," a quarter hour of song and dance; "Howdy Doody", the ever-popular children's program starring Bob Smith; and "Televi- sion Screen Magazine" featuring Bob Stanton and interviews. As time goes on, it is expected that all NBC Television programs — both commercial and Feature Service — will be made available to network video stations wherever they may be located. TELEVISION STATIONS BEYOND THE REACH OF COAXIAL CABLES AND RADIO RELAYS, TRANSMIT THE SONG AND DANCE PROGRAM "AMERICA SONG" FROM KINESCOPE RECORDINGS MADE IN NEW YORK. Safety and Health (Continued from page il,) be shut down until the hazard is eliminated. It is the seemingly little things that make for good safet.v — such as having walkways free from hazards in a i)lant like Indianapolis, where large consoles are moved on convey- ors; or, like the marking of certain areas in the Lancaster tube plant, where no one. — and this means no one without exception — is per- mitted to enter without special types of goggles. It means, also, having the kind of housekeeping in the Bloomington small radio plant that has led to repeated remarks by a factory inspector of the Indiana Department of Labor that this was "the cleanest, best-kept plant of all those in my jurisdiction." Pre-occupation with detail doesn't mean that the Safety organization overlooks the big things. When the Camden i)lant w;is converted from war to iH'acetime production, every design for machine lay-out, every new machine, every new process was carefully studied from drawing board to actual operation for elimi- nation of hazards. RCA went even further. It obtained .-ipproval from the New .ler.sey Department of Labor for all of these installations, frequently exceeding State stand- ards. The end-product of these activi- ties and the thorough-going safety organization is the knowledge that employment at RCA Victor is safer than the average in the radio and phonograph industries. At the Camden plant, largest of the ten comprising the RCA \'ictor group, there has not been a punch press accident in almost two years. On all other power machines, maniud with an average of about l.'?,flOO workmen, there have been only 11 accidents in the past year. This splendid record shows up in the accident frequency rate in 1947 of only 1. 8 per million man-hours worked, as compared with the in- dustry average of fi.2. Other RCA plants, too, compare favorably with the industry aver- age. All of them are constantly striving to find better and safer ways of doing things. [30 RADIO AGEj RED SEAL "HIS MASTERS VOICE (^unninqham RADIOMARIME VICTROLA RADIOTRON RCA Victor "^IRELF^ 'Via RCA The Meaning of Trade-Marks These Familiar Symbols Arc Essential Tools of Industry which Create and Maintain Good-Will Toward Company and Product keep its trademarks in prominence are legion. Newspaper and maga- zine advertisements; the lure of prize contests; radio network pro- grams with their highly paid stars and well-known orchestras; car cards in trains and buses — these are only a few of the methods that are proving effective in perpetuat- ing and strengthening trade-marks. Trade-marks by themselves do not sell goods, but properly ex- ploited they create that highly valued business asset called good- will. Like a powerful magnet, good- will attracts the shopper and buyer to a specific product. Customers are already half-sold if they have ac- quired confidence in the integrity of the maker of a line of goods. Good-will engenders a sense of reliability. Trade-marks have a pedigree; they go far back to the days of the guild system. Evidence shows that By Abraham S. Greenberg Trade-Mark Attorney, Radio Corporation of America TRADE-MARKS, and the Good- will they create are essential tools of industry, yet few laymen realize to what extent they are vital to the successful conduct of busi- ness enterprise. Rarely does the man-in-the-street appreciate their effect on the safety, health and buy- ing confidence of the public. The devices used by business to the ancient Babylonian and Egyp- tian brickmakers applied unique identification marks to their bricks. Roman craftsmen often applied their names to their products. In Germany, Venice and England, back in the 14th, loth and IGth centuries, members of different guilds were placing their guild and personal marks on their respective goods. The bakers, printers, cutlers, cloth- makers and leatherworkers of those times were controlled by extremely rigid guild rules. To fix responsi- bility for poor workmanship and to identify the particular craftsman's work, it became the custom to apply an identification device or symbol to a product. From these crude beginnings, where the mark was actually a symbol of liability, there evolved the asset trade-mark of the 19th and 20th centuries. In our modern free and demo- cratic society there is a vast im- portance in trade-marks. They are socially significant. Americans are trade-mark consciouspeople. Whether you are a factory worker, an ofl!ice worker, middle class or wealthy, you shop and buy accord- ing to established brands. It makes little difference if you are highly educated or illiterate; your brand or trade-mark consciousness is of intense interest to small business and big business. The average purchaser likes the freedom to choose among well- known brands. A consumer survey showed that 85 per cent of all peo- ple readily recognized that the let- ters "GE" mean General Electric. The public readily recognizes and relies on our "RCA" trade-mark, and when broadcast listeners hear the familiar chimes on the radio they know at once that they are listening to their favorite "NBC" network. Taking a closer look at the mod- ern trade-mark, it quickly becomes evident that something new was added to the old guild system mark. Besides identifying the product, its origin, and guaranteeing a stable quality, the modern trade-mark ad- vertises the product. Justice Felix [RADIO AGE 31] Frankfurter put it very nicely in these words : "The protection of trade-marks is the law's recognition of the psy- chological function of symbols. If it is true that we live by symbols, it is no less true that we purchase goods by them. A trade-mark is a merchandising short-cut which in- duces a purchaser to select what he wants, or what he has been led to believe he wants. The owner of a mark exploits this human propensity by making every effort to impreg- nate the atmosphere of the market with the drawing power of a con- genial symbol. Whatever the means employed, the aim is the same — to convey through the mark, in the minds of potential customers, the desirability of the commodity upon which it appears. Once this is at- tained, the trade-mark owner has something of value." Trade-Mark Is a Properly Right It is interesting to compare a trade-mark with such business val- ues as patents, copyrights, trade secrets, "know-how", the skill, ex- perience and reputation of per- sonnel. Patents and copyrights are property rights which arise out of a grant by the Government. Most of the assets of a business enter- prise have a vitality and power of their own which permit them to function independent of the busi- ness. A trade-mark, however, is a property right which comes into existence only through use by its owner as a distinctive mark in con- nection with a given product. Once separated from the article or busi- ness to which it refers, the trade- mark becomes meaningless and will perish as a trade designation. A trade-mark may be said to be a distinctive word, emblem, symbol or device used to identify the maker or distributor of a given product. While trade-marks are protected by the courts, whether registered or not. State and Federal trade-mark registration give substantial Ixiu- fits to trade-mark owners. One of the highlights of this new Federal Trade-Mark law is the formal recognition and registration of a service mark. These are marks used by laundries, cleaners, banks, insurance companies, radio broad- casters and others whose services are rendered interstate. A service mark means a mark used in the sale or advertising of services to identify the services of one person and to distinguish them from the services of others. They include without limitation the marks, names, symbols, titles, designa- tions, slogans, character names, and distinctive features of radio or other advertising used in commerce. For example, the letters "NBC" and the chimes used in the broad- cast service of National Broadcast- ing Company, the RCA monogram as used in the radio communication services of RCA Communications. Inc., the word "Radiomarine" used to indicate the services rendered by Radiomarine Corporation of Amer- ica— all of these are service marks. The selection of a suitable trade- mark is not an easy task. It should not be a descriptive word, a geog- raphical name, or in general any symbol or device which others may employ with equal truth and have an equal right to use for the same purpose. The mark should be searched in the U. S. Patent Office or other suitable search source to make sure that the desired mark is not similar to a prior mark. In brief, a good trade-mark or service mark is distinctive, has a psycho- logical appeal, is suitable for the product or service, is euphonious and is easy to remember. From its formation in 1919, RCA has considered trade-marks one of its foundation stones. In this re- spect. General Sarnoff, only a short time ago, said: "RCA's trade-marks are among its most valuable assets. They are a symbol of the intangible value of the 'good-wiir between RCA and the public which we have painstak- ingly and at great cost built up over the years. No improper use of trade-marks should be permitted to impair that investment in effort and expense." How well the Radio Corporation of America, its divisions and sub- divisions have promoted their trade- marks is evidenced by recalling some of their symbols which through ceaseless reiteration have become household words both at home and abroad. "RCA", "RCA Victor", the familiar dog and phonograph "His Master's Voice", "Victrola", "R a d i o t r o n", "Red Seal", "Via RCA" and "NBC". Be- hind these widely advertised trade- marks and service marks stand the integrity and reliability of the manufacturer, the distributor and the dealer. However, there is more to a trade-mark than merely coining it and promoting it. If it is to remain an asset, it must be zealously watched and protected. As it be- comes more valuable, it becomes more vulnerable. Many are the de- vices resorted to by an unscrupu- lous competitor in his attempts to promote his own wares by preying on the glowing good-will of another. Courts have ruled repeatedly that the proprietor of good-will is en- titled to "protection against one who attempts to deprive him of the benefits resulting from the same, by using his labels and trade-marks without his consent and authority." While it is true that RCA from time to time has enriched the stock- pile of everyday language with coined words such as iconoscope, kinescope, orthicon, loran, shoran, teleran, the Corporation's basic marks are guarded with all the force that can be assembled. For these are the tireless salesmen of RCA. States Position on UHF (Continued from jxigf 1~} orderly progression leading toward assignment of additional channels will permit the radio industry and the broadcasters to make concrete plans for expansion of television service to the American people and to do this without disturbance and with full realization of the best public interest." 32 RADIO AGE] RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION t'fe//. ^'b '^^o.r'^^y 'S«s 'it. UARY 1949 ''- i ^K 0 ft 0 ^ Ho 0 4roi ► %^ ^ m g ^(i '^k 1 nl' W i\i r ■ A>| A ^Bki.vv'^- ■.•,„.,: --ar . . ^ DR.^VLADIMIR K. ZWOR / ' -^^. "// c'lf Iciiihiy iciirricd ahiml liiiii. Television seems lu he uuirpini; liis (lutlatik. In ink I. AM' C'l.N I I tt\', it \\;is I i>m S;i\\\fr w Im i .i|i- Sn, it paifnls ;irr furii-il |i> kimw c-aih inarhiiiatKni nf ttirt'd Aim-rica's jini-iiili- rra. 'I'hfii, a m-iicration ajin, Mr. X . . . to !><• thnriuiuhly a»>|uaiiiti-t \\<>\\ mmh jjinnl (iiii < an In- paikrd cit ihi- \iiiini;. lliti" l<-|r\ isiiiii xii-willi;. It tiapiuns \M-fkila\s at S:SO, a«i an ivdiiiaicii SI.IMH) And \\ hrn the- innppi'ts ha\r lii-cn shmn-d nff ti> Ix-d. sfis liiilil up fur thi- appraraiit'c id Ilnwdy Dnody. Siirli is adults will find llu-ir "wn pifasurc in tin- dramas and spurts, tin- impait of his i,'>iilt'lt'ss antics nn the li\fs of small the \ aru-l> shou s and ni-x\ s, the iiiiici-rts and romciK that MfHiTs that all niattj-rs of food, «(irk, pla\ , ii-mpcr or m.irk thi- rani;«- of halanccd i-nirrtainmciit on Anu-rica's sli'i-p must await the- (diiiliision of i-aih afternoon's session. No. I I eli-visiun. W \ K T C II \ \ N |-. I. 4 N I-. W ^• I ) R K •j' II r. .\ \ r I !• \ \ I n K t) \ I) c \ s r I N (, c <> \ii' \ \ ^■ RADIO AGE RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION :OVER r. \". K. Zwurykiii, vice resident and technical con- iltant of RCA Laborato- es, who, on January 17, ill receive the 1948 Poor ichard Club Award for chievement, an honor iven annually "to the most Bserving of contemporary merican citizens." Services of RCA are: RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Victor Division RCA Communications, Inc. marine Corporation of America Imal Broadcasting Company, Inc. I I RCA Institutes. Inc. I • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA International Division VOLUME 8 NUMBER 2 JANUARY 1949 CONTENTS PAGE RADIO IN 1948-1949 by Brig. General David Sarnoff 3 CHANGES IN RCA MAN.\C.EMENT ^ NliW PHONOGRAPH AND RECORD 9 TELEVISION IN BOSTON by Frank M. Folsom H TELEVISION COVERAGE E.XTENDED 13 PEACE IN A CHANGING WORLD ^^ FILM RECORDING AT "411" by H. D. Bradbury 16 NEW TRANSMITTER BUILDING ERECTED FOR STATION WOO 19 RCA FREQUENCY BUREAU by Philip F. Siling 22 PACT ENDS YEAR-OLD BAN ON RECORD MANUFACTURE 25 LARGE-SCREEN TELEVISION by Ralph V. Little, Jr. , 26 CASTING FOR TELEVISION by Owen Davis, Jr 27 TELEVISION NETWORKS JOIN 28 ELECTRONIC READING AIDS 29 DR. ZWORYKIN RECEIVES POOR RICHARD CLUB AWARD 31 R.\DIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y. David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board Frank M. Folsom, President Lewis MacConnach, Secretary Arthur B. Tuttle, Treasurer Radio .-Vgo is publi.^hed quarterly by the Department of Information, Radio Corporation of America. 30 Rockefeller Plaza. New York 20. N. Y. TELEVISION BRINGS NLW FoK.Mri OK ENTERTAINMENT Ari WELL AS NEWS INTO THE UO.ME. SHOWN ABOVE IS THE RCA VICTOR TABLE MODEL, CALLED THE "BYSTANDER". Radio In 1948-1949 Wide Public Acceptance of Television Speeds All Phases of The New Industry. Says Head of RCA in Year-End Statement — More People Will Eye-Witness Truman Inauguration Than All Who Saw Thirty-One Presidents from Washington to Roosevelt Take The Oath of Office Bv Brig. Genera! David Sarnoff Chdii mini oi thv Dourti, Radio Corporation of America THE year 1948 was the most successful in the hi.story of the Radio Corporation of America. The rapid expansion of television as a service to the public was a major factor in this record result. Because of its continued progress in all phases of radio and television, RCA is today the World Leader in Radio — First in Television. RCA operations in television — - research. engineerinR, manufactur- ing and broadcasting — have, in great measure, enabled the United States to maintain preeminence in television. As a result, this new- science is fitted into the country's program of national security, offer- ing eyes to the fleet, to the air force, and the army. The past year has [Jrovided prac- tical experience — additional engi- neering "know-how" — to confirm the validity of our vision, optimism and plans. The present and future of television are charted by actual service, not by hopeful promises. Definite accomplishments, coupled with inborn faith in science and public enthusiasm for this new art, have justified our years of pioneer- ing to bring television into the serv- ice of the American people. In 1948, television achieved such high popularity with the public that it became physically impossible to meet the demands for receiving sets and television tubes. This was true chiefly because it was not possible for the industry to obtain manufac- turing machinery as rapidly as needed. This condition will continue at least through 1949. Television set production, for the iiuliistrn as a iciiole, in 1949, will total approximately 2,000,000 re- ceivers. This, according to the best available studies, will be stepped up in succeeding years, and by 1953, the industry's annual television set production is expected to reach close to 5,000,000. By the end of that year the total number of sets in operation would be about 18,000,- 000. Also, by 1953, it is believed that a coast-to-coast television net- work -service will have been made possible by radio relays and coaxial cables. So appealing is television to the .American public, in all walks of life and at all ages, that the indus- try at the opening of 1949 will be two years ahead of the dates set by the most optimistic forecasts made at the end of the war. This accelerated progress has lifted radio and television, in com- [RADIO AGE 3] bination as an industry, to a two and a half billion dollar a year en- terprise. If the rate of ^'rowth con- tinues as the market indices and public acceptance indicate it will, radio-television should rank as one of the ten foremost industries in the United States by 1953. Radio and television now give employment to hundreds of thou- sands of people and bring new forms of entertainment as well as news into millions of homes. The American dependence on radio en- tertainment, acquired over the past 28 years, is beinp more deeply in- grained by television, which enables people in ever-increasing number to eye-witness events as they happen. Many millions of Americans, in homes and schools from Boston to Richmond, along the Great Lakes and as far west as St. Louis, will see the inauguration of President Truman on January 20. This tele- cast will mark an historic milestone in civics as well as in broadcasting, for it is the first event of its kind to be televised. It is estimated that at least 10 million people will eye- witness the Truman inauguration —more than all who saw the thirty- one presidents from Washington to Roosevelt take the oath of office. Forty stations are e.xpected to be in the television hook-up, in con- trast to the 21-station radio broad- cast of the Coolidge inauguration in 1925 which was the first presiden- tial inaugural broadcast. Today. 122 television stations have been authorized by the Fed- eral Tommimications Commission. P'orty-nine are on the air. Seventy- five other applicants have permits to construct stations, and .312 ad- ditional ai)plications are pending. Television networks arc expanding across the nation — opening new markets for receiving sets and con- stantly increasing television's "cir- culation" as an advertising medium of powerful sales appeal. The National Broadcasting Com- pany owns five television stations, I'l.TRAKAX RKspi-ead possibilities for useful application, continues to challenge our scientists and engineers. For instance, in 1048. RCA introduced a new electron tube, which acts as a "transducer." converting mechan- ical vibrations into electrical pulse-s that can be studied as audible or visual signals. The tube is smaller in diameter than a cigarette and only half as long. It weighs 1 16th of an ounce. It is so sensitive that it can measure the vibrations made by a Hy walking on a steel beam. Therefore, it is easy to see what great po.s.sibilities it ha-s for use in such diver.se fields as the detection of defects in airplane construction, the causes of dynamic unbalance in rotating machinery, the measure- ment of the effects of oil well blasts, recording blood pressure, studying under-water sound and numerous other applications. We can look forward with assur- ance to many new developments in the field of radio, television and electronics in 1949— the fourth year of intensive study and peacetime application of the scientific dis- coveries and inventi( ns in this field which contributed so much to hasten victory in World War II. Some of these advances are already in the public service. Others will go to work in the coming years. But so wide is the scope of radio science today, and so great its pos- sibilities for the future, that it is beyond human power to foresee all the new advances that will appear. It is safe to prophe.sy that some developments will overshadow in significance many of the achieve- ments of the past. This much is certain — our scientists and engi- neers will continue to devote their energies and skills toward extend- ing the usefulness of the electronic and communication arts, so that Radio Corporation of America will remain World Leader in Radio — First in Television! Two Television Images Shown on One Screen The first split-screen television image in which two pictures from different origination points ap- peared side-by-side on the same kinescope picture tube w^as dis- played by NBC on December 8 dur- ing the Television Broadcasters As.sociation Clinic at the Waldorf- Astoria Hotel in New York. Tele- \ ision set owners who were tuned to WNBT. New York, and WNBW, Washington, D. C, witnessed the unusual program. This split screen picture was transmitted through a new piece of e(|uipment, the "Image Splitter," dev('lo))ed b.v the National Broad- casting Company Engineering De- partment, under the supervision of 0. B. Hanson. NBC vice president and chief engineer. 6 RADIO AGE^ BRIGADIER GENERAL UAVID SARNOFF FRANK M. KOLSO.M Changes in RCA Management Frank M. Fuhum Advanced to Post of President of Radio Corporation of America; David Sarnoff Continues as Chief Executive of the Company and Chairman of the Board of RCA. THE Board of Directors of the Radio Corporation of America at its regular meeting- held on De- cember 3, upon the recommenda- tion of Brigadier General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board, elected Frank M. Folsom as Presi- dent of the Radio Corporation of America, effective as of January 1. 1949. Mr. Folsom, Executive Vice President in Charge of RCA Victor Division, has administered the far- flung production and merchandis- ing activities of RCA for the past five years. At the same meeting, John G. Wil- son, Vice President and General Manager in Camden, was elected Executive Vice President in Charge of the RCA Victor Division, suc- ceeding to the post filled by Mr. Folsom. General Sarnoff, who has occu- pied both the offices of President and Chairman of the Board of the Radio Corporation of America since the retirement in 1947 of the late General James G. Harbord. continues as Chairman of the Board and will remain Chief Executive Officer of the RCA, as well as Chairman of the Board of the Na- tional Broadcasting Company and RCA Communications, Inc., both wholly owned subsidiaries of RCA. In announcing the changes. Gen- eral Sarnoff declared : "The Board of Directors of the Radio Corpora- tion of America is gratified in be- ing able to find the men within its own organization who, by the rec- ord of their achievements in the service of the company, have proved themselves worthy of promotion and able to share in the highest management responsibilities. "Frank M. Folsom, who now takes up the administrative load, has the background and experience to function also on the policy levels demanded by the many problems resulting from the healthy growth of RCA's business in a rapidly ex- panding art and industry. "And John G. Wilson, who now succeeds Frank M. Folsom, has proved by his woi'k as Vice Presi- dent and General Manager of the RCA Victor Division his capacity to head up the growing and exten- sive manufacturing and merchan- dising activities of the RCA. "The Corporation has labored for more than 25 years to bring about the creation of a great television industry and other new services and products made possible by re- search and progress in the radio and electronic arts. Both of these officers have proved more than equal to their opportunities and responsibilities in the expanding management requirements of the RCA family." Folsom Joined RCA in 1944 Frank M. Folsom joined the Radio Corporation of America as a Director and Vice President in Charge of the RCA Victor Division on January 1, 1944, and he was elected Executive Vice President in Charge of the RCA Victor Divi- sion on June 1. 1945. RAD! O AGE 7] Prior to his association with RCA, Mr. Folsom had been active for 30 years in merchandising and had served for nearly two years as Chief of the Procurement Branch of the United States Navy Depart- ment. For outstanding service with the Navy, he was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Tru- man and received the Distinguished Civilian Service Award, the Navy's highest civilian honor. Mr. Folsom was born on May 14. 1894. in Sprague, Washington. He is the son of Anna Wilson Fol- som and Edward P. Folsom, a direct descendant of .John Folsom who settled in Hingham. Massachusetts, in 1638. Me attended schools in Washington and Oregon and re- ceived honorary LL.D. degrees from the University of San Fran- cesco and St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia. Mr. Folsom began his business career with Lipman Wolfe Depart- ment Store, of Portland, Oregon, in 1910. Three years later, he be- came an apprentice buyer at Hale Brothers in San Francisco and in 1914 joined the firm of Weinstock & Lubin in Sacramento, remain- ing there until 1917, when he en- tered the Air Service, U. S. Army. At the end of World War I. Mr. Folsom resumed his position as buyer with Weinstock & l.ubin. and continued there until 1923. He then rejoined Hale Brothers as General Merchandise Manager and in 1928 became a Director and General Manager. JOHN G. WILSON JiiSKI'll II. M(lciNNKI.I, Four years later, Mr. Folsom joined Montgomery Ward & Com- pany as Manager of Pacific Coast operations for both Mail Order and Retail Stores. In 1933, he was elected Xive President in Charge of Merchandising and a Director of Montgomery Ward, with head- quarters in Chicago. He resigned in 1940 to become E.xecutive Vice President of Goldblatt Brothers, Inc. of Chicago. .Mr. Folsom was one of the first industrialists to enter Government service prior to World War II. He joined the National Defense Ad- visory Commission upon its forma- tion on July 1, 1940, as Assistant Coordinator of Purchases. He con- tinued in that position through 1941, when the Secretary of the Navy appointed him a special assistant to the Under Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Procure- ment. He also served as Chairman of the Procurement Policy Board of the WPB. coordinating agency for procurement jiolicy of all war services and agencies. Wihon Came to RCA in 1944 .Mr. .lolin G. Wilson joined the Radio Corporation of America in June, 1944. as Administrator of Accounts and Finance for the RC.A Victor Division. In June. 194.5. he was elected Operating Xke Presi- dent and two years later he was elected Vice President and General Manager for RCA Victor Division. Prior to his association with RCA, Mr. Wilson had been active for over twenty-five years in the accounting, financial, operating and merchandising fields. Horn in Alma, Illinois, on August 17. 1900, .Mr. Wil.-^on attended Illi- nois public .schools and Northwest- ern University. In the first World War, he served as a Captain in the Coast Artillery. Mr. Wilson began his career at Price Waterhouse & Company, Chicago, in 1920. In 1924, he joined the Blackhawk Press in Chicago. Three years later, Mr. Wilson be- lame as.sociated with Montgomery Ward & Company as Assistant Con- troller and later as Controller. He remained at Ward's until 1940, when he left to become Vice Presi- dent and Controller, and a Director, of Goldblatt Bros., Inc. in Chicago. A year before joining the Radio Corporation of America, he became associated with the United Wall- paper Company as Vice President and General Manager. McConnell and Buck Advanced to New Posts Advancement of Joseph H. Mc- Connell of the RC.-\ Victor Division and Walter A. Buck of Radiomarine Corporation of America to new posts in the RCA organization were announced early in the new year. (Contiinied on page SI i W.\LTER A. BUCK [8 RADIO AGEj New Phonograph and Record Unique Record and Record Player Introduced by RCA Victor Pro- vide Finest Quality of Reproduction at Low Cost — 7-Inch Discs Operate at 45 Revolutions a Minute. AN entirely new system for the £\_ reproduction of recorded music in the home, resulting in a new type of phonog-raph and record which deliver the finest quality rec- ord reproduction at low cost in the history of the phonograph record industrj', was announced by the RCA Victor Division of Radio Cor- poration of America, on January 10. The new phonograph and record operate at 45 revolutions per minute and provide completely distortion- free music of unprecedented bril- liance and clarity of tone. The .^mall-size record, just under seven inches in diameter, is capable of handling, in a single disc size, all musical classifications from popular to classical. In his formal announcement of RCA Victor's development of the new system for the reproduction of recorded music, J. G. Wilson, Execu- tive Vice President in charge of the RCA Victor Division, declared: "This is the best phonograph rec- ord ever made. It was developed jointly with its own unique record player. The combination of these two makes available to the Amer- ican home recorded music of a qual- ity and fidelity never before possible at low cost." The new record player, Mr. Wil- son stated, contains the fastest record-changing mechanism ever devised and its radically advanced design eliminates 75 percent of the problems encountered in conven- tional changers. Another important aspect of the new system, he added, lies in the fact that the distortion-free, noise- free performance made possible by the new 45-rpm record player and records opens the way for the de- velopment of home instruments of wider frequency range and truer fidelity. RCA Victor, he disclosed, is planning along these lines. The new record and record player climax more than 10 years of re- search and refinement in this field by RCA. In addition to the record, three new instruments incorporating the new system have been announced. These instruments are an auto- matic record-playing attachment and a complete automatic phono- graph, both remarkable for their small size, simplicity and ability to provide high quality performance; and a combination console instru- ment incorporating a radio, a con- ventional 78-rpm record player, and the new 45-rpm player in a cabinet smaller than conventional models. The record developed for this new system is a light-weight, wafer-thin, non-breakable vinyl plastic disc un- usual also for its IV2 inch center spindle hole. Because of the operating speed of record and player, the short playtime requirements of popular selections as well as the lengthier playtime of symphonies and other classical selections, can be handled. The record delivers up to five minutes and 15 seconds of playing time per side, and, with the rapid action of the new changer, up to 42 minutes of undistorted music. The heart of the new instrument is a revolutionary automatic record changer mechanism, the outstanding characteristic of which is the large. lV2-inch red plastic-capped center spindle which houses the trigger- fast drop mechanism. It holds up to eight records. The action of the mechanism is entirely noiseless and even the drop of the record is scarcely audible. Operation Virtually Noise-Free Each of the new instruments has a small tone arm, exerting a pres- sure of only 5 grams on the record, and equipped with a Silent Sapphire permanent-point pickup, contribut- ing to virtually noise-free reproduc- tion. Emphasizing that for the first time the industry now has recoi'd playing equipment and records for EIGHT OF THE NEW SEVEN INCH REC- ORDS, WHEN PLACED ON THE SPINDLE OF THE COMPACT AUTOMATIC RECORD PLAYER, PROVIDE 42 MINUTES OF UN- DISTORTED REPRODUCTION. the home that are made for each Other, Mr. Wilson declared: "The new instruments and records repre- sent a logical, significant advance in the evolution of recorded music. "Recognizing this as an evolution- ary advance," he continued, "we firmly believe that the market for conventional 78-rpm records will not be seriously affected immediately, but will continue strong for many years to come. "In homes throughout America," he said, "there are Ui million record players designed for use with the 78-rpm records which have been standard for 50 years. This market must, and will, be serviced. Mindful of this, RCA Victor will continue a heavy production schedule on rec- ords of this type. The company will also continue to support dealers with the full weight of its advertising, promotion, and merchandising pro- grams on Victor's 78-rpm records. "All of our planning is based on our belief that the new 45-rpm re- producing system and record are of an evolutionary, rather than a revo- lutionary nature." Pointing out that the introduction of this new system has been long [RADIO AGE 9] and thoroujrhly considered, Mr. Wilson stated: "RCA \'ictsed for us more specifically from time to time, he added, by those who ask. "Why wait if you think that war ultimately may be inevitable? Why wait until the enemy acquires the same modern weapons that we now have — the atom bomb, guided missiles, and the like? Why wait until they get them? We have them now. and they presumal)ly have not. Why not go ahead and finish the job now?" Speaking for himself, and not in any sense claiming to be an author- ity on the subject, he said that he did not believe that war ultimately is inevitable. War may come, but no one can speak with certainty ;il)out its inevitability, he asserted. "The reason it would not be wise. it seems to me. to go to war now is because waging a modern war isn't such a simple pri>t)lem." Gen- eral Sarnoflf said. "Kven if we were only to undertake what is sometimes c.'dled a defensive war. a real chance for victory would require the use of every modern weapon that we have or know about, including the atom bom I). ".Aside fnim our reluctance as civilized people to throw atom bombs on thickly populated cities, aside from all the humanitarian aspects of that question, the destruction of ,14 RADIO AGE] lives and the destruction of treas- ures would be such that the conse- quences of such a war cannot be predicted. Victory may be a very costly thing. "We might also — if we undertook to move now — jeopardize our own freedoms. You can't fight a modern war against ruthless dictatorships and at the same time maintain your democratic principles. We have seen the difficulties others have had in maintaining democratic princi- ples, even after a war, if it has been waged over a wide area and ex- tended over a long period of time. "So the very principles we fight to preserve m'ay be jeopardized, if we undertake the task before we are fully ready, militarily, economically and politically. Nobody — not even the scientists — can measure with accuracy the uncertainties that would follow, in other parts of the world as well as in our own country, an atomic war launched at this time. That is one answ-er to the question —Why wait? "There is another answer, and it is this: If you measure the actual knowledge that any one of us has about world affairs, or for that mat- ter, about anything else, — and draw a circle around it, you will find circles of varying dimensions. Knowledge Based on Facts "The knowledge within any such circle would be based on facts we have learned and the things we can see. But often, the most important things that affect the safety and the progress of the world, lie outside that circle. These are the invisible factors, or the imponderables, — the things we can't see and the things we can't think about at all. There are time.s when these assume an im- portance greater than the facts which were within our view when we made up our minds with such finality. "In the field of world politics these imponderables are tremend- ously important. Ultimately they are likely to prove the real factors that will determine whether we shall have peace or war. "What are some of these im- ponderables? First, there is the possibility that better informed people in countries with which we [RADIO AGE 15] are in conflict, may change their governments. It takes time for people to become better informed. The methods of disseminating in- formation are constantly improving. As I view it, no 'iron curtain' can jiermanently keep out the electro- magnetic waves of radio." Not only the "Voice of America," but one day, the "Voice of the World" will be heard everywhere from a central point speaking in the languages the listeners understand, he continued. Satellite Nations Affected It is also conceivable that some of the satellite nations, who do not seem to be too happy, may as time goes on be affected by the improve- ments in the standard of living in the neighboring nations who enjoy the benefits of freedom and democ- racy, he said, adding: "These satellites may compare the restrictions and limitations imposed upon them by alien powers with the freedom and the better life enjoyed by those who are allowed to govern them.selves. That is another im- ponderable that is working, I think, in the right direction. General Sarnoff at this point re- counted the advance of science, in- cluding the acceleration in war and peace of radio and television, tech- nology and chemistry, and examined the need for firm national procedure. "We must believe in the principles we stand for," he said. "We must believe in the purposes we espouse. And these principles and these pur- poses in no way involve any aggres- sion on our i)art. We must be con- sistent and firm, and we must leave no doubts in the minds of others about our policy, because evidence abounds that distress follows ap- peasement. "With changing conditions in a changing world, we should be will- ing to carry on discussions and negotiations, however fruitless or frustrating they may appear at the time. I still believe that through discussion we learn something of the ideas and intentions of the other side, and they learn something of ours." ("lenoral Sarnoff urged continua- tioti of aid to "our friends across the seas," and stated that we should encourage and advance the idea of a Federation of Western European States. He also urged a military guarantee for the security of the friendly democratic nations. "No one of these things will, by itself, solve the whole problem," he concluded. "But this combination will, I believe, gain the time needed to increase our preparedness, and enable us to obtain the benefits of the 'imponderables' I have men- tioned. This course should be our answer to the question, whether a fair, consistent and firm foreign policy, accompanied by adequate preparedness and a willingness to discuss and to negotiate, can avoid the catastrophe of another World War. "But if all such honest efforts fail, and, if in the end we are called upon to resolve the issue by force, then the time we shall have gained should equip us to achieve victory. •And so, my friends, I conclude as I began, with the thought that we must make time our ally in our efforts to secure peace in a changing world." ".NOT ONLY THE 'VOICE OF AMERICA,' BUT O.ME DAY, THE 'VOICE OF THE WORLD', WILL BE HEARD EVERYWHERE FROM A CENTRAL POINT SPEAKINC IN' THE LANGUAGES THE LISTENERS UNDERSTAND." A TWtl-PIANO TEAM IN THE MAIN STUDIO AT 111 FIFTH AVENUE PROVIDES THE SOUND TRACK FOR A MUSICAL FILM. Film Recording at "411" Motion Picture Companies Make Growing Use of Modern Facilities in RCA's Fifth Arenuc Studios; Work Done There Includes Music Scoring, Recording of Newsreel Commentaries and Dialogue By H D Bradbury Manager RCA Film Recording Studio Xew York City WHEN RCA entered the film recorditiK field in 1928, offices and studios were established at 411 Fifth Avenue, New York. At that time, the studio combined photog- raphy with recordinK. niakinp full- lengrth feature pictures. Later, as the recording industry grew, motion picture production was eliminated at "-lir' and sound facilities were expanded and im- proved. Today, two decades later, this section of the RCA Engineer- ing Products Department, still at the same address, is rated one of the finest, most completely equipped film recording studios in the coun- try. The RCA Film Recording Studio, originally called RCA Photophone, Inc., has a staff of skilled techni- cians and facilities for recording commentary, dialogue, orchestral scores, and complex film track blend- ing jobs, known as mixing. In addition, it has kept its license to produce full-length motion i)ictures. Two modern studios at 411 Fifth Avenue provide adequate facilities for the increasing number of film organizations that avail themselves of this special service. These com- panies, some of them licensees, use the large Studio A principally for music scoring, for rerecording the work of large orchestras, and for mixing jobs too complex for their own facilities. The smaller Studio R is now used exclusively for voice recording. In a Control Room at the rear of Studio A. technicians operate a mixer console or control board, and disc playback. Through the use of the mixer the engineer is able to combine as many as eight separate sound tracks, maintaining the de- sired volume with the aid of an oscilloscope. [16 RADIO AGE] When necessary, the disc play- back simultaneously cuts a record of the sound tracks being mixed so that the film company representa- tive may recheck certain sections of the recording. The disc play- back, as well as all other recording equipment in the RCA studios, is powered and kept in perfect syn- chronization by a highly accurate Selsyn motor drive system. This Selsyn power unit is installed in the Projection Room where standard 16mm and 35mm projectors are housed. In the Machine Room, five film SOUND TRACKS IN THEIR FTNAL FORM, CO.MBINING CO.MMENTARY. MUSIC AND SOUND EFFECTS, ABE TRANSCRIBED ON THIS 35mm film RECORDER. phonographs run off sound tracks containing commentary, musical scores, sound effects, etc., which are piped into the mixer console, com- bined, modulated, and returned to the Machine Room for transcrip- tion on RCA .'JSmm film recorders. The sound tracks are run off many times, and the exact cueing is thor- oughly rehearsed by the mixing technician before the final re- recording is done. Blueprints Provide Cues For example, when Ben Grauer does his commentary at RCA for his series of technical films, his cues are provided by a blueprint of arrows on the film itself. Para- mount's cartoons cue the musical director by means of a bouncing ball. Prominent among the film pro- ducers using the "411" facilities is March of Time, a studio customer since 1938. Speech and sound effects are recorded by them on location, using RCA newsreel equip- ment, at the same time the picture is made. Later, Westbrook Van Voorhi.';, the March of Time voice, comes into the studio to do the commentary, and still later the M. O. T. orchestra records the musical score. Subsequently all these sound records are rerecorded (or mixed) to make the final re- lease negative. Famous Studios, producers of "Popeye" and "Little Lulu" car- toons (Paramount releases), find studio A ideal for their music scor- ing and "mixing". Other companies using RCA Film Recording Studios in New York are: RKO; Pathe, Inc.; Uni- versal Pictures; Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.; Columbia Pictures Corp.; Caravel Films, Inc.; Grant- land Rice Sport Pictures Corp.; W. J. Ganz Company; Mode-Art Pictures, Inc.; and NBC Television. Early "Talkies" Recorded In the early Thirties, when the addition of sound to motion pic- tures was beginning to revolution- ize the movies, the RCA film record- ing department made important contributions to the development and progress of talkies. Such early sound hits as "Sonny Boy", "Lilac Time", and Frank Buck's "Bring "Em Back Alive", were mixed in the RCA Photophone Studios. About this time, when movie companies were investing heavily in screen tests of well-kno\\Ti stage and opera stars, Katherine Hepburn and (Jrace Moore made screen tests at "411". Special effects and a Hugo Reisenfeld choir of 100 voices were added to the DeMille classic, "King of Kings". This constituted a small, but important part of RCA's contribution to the early develop- ment of sound movies. During the war, the RCA Film Recording Studios worked exten- sively with the Office of War In- formation, Army, American Red Cross, and Coordinator of Inter- American Affairs. Because of the FILM CONTAINING SOUND TRACKS ARE RUN THROUGH THESE FILM PHONOGRAPHS AND ACCURATELY CUED BEFORE THEY ARE FINALLY MIXED AND RERECORDED. AT THIS CONSOLE THE .MIXING ENGINEER FOLLOWS HIS CUES AND COMBINES SOUND EFFECTS, WORDS AND MUSIC IN PROPER RELATION FOR INSCRIBING ON THE FFLM. c:=^*v^^«^ V lack of nt'Kative film at that time, RCA had to conserve every possible piece of precious footage. Very often one job wjls completed, torn off the reel, mid the next one started on the same roll of film. One amiisinB incident resulted from this procedure. After several re-takes for a Swedish customer, an KCA technician followed this method, but in his haste to record a Spanish track for an anxious March of Time Foreijrn Department repre- sentative, he omitted tearing off sev- eral hundred feet of previously re- corded Swedish dialogue. When the film was developed, March of Time had to employ an interpreter to de- code the strange language which prologued their Spanish film. Complex Problems Solved Complex problem.s in recording are expertly solved by the studio staff. Frequently the RCA Record Department calls upon RCA film facilities when an exceptionally fine musical disc recording is required. F^irst, the piano and orchestra are recorded on separate sound tracks in the best Hollywood studios, and then sent to "-111" where they are mixed, and sent by phone line to the RCA Disc Recording Studio at 24th Street, where the Master record is cut. If a re-take on a Hollywood pro- duction is necessary when its star is relaxing in the East, the star can come to RCA's studio and re- record the desired changes for substitution in the original sound track. Recently the RCA Film Re- cording Department was called in when RKO needed a realistic Car- negie Hall background to record the work of Rubinstein and Ormandy. Portable equipment was sent into the Hall where two sound tracks were made on-the-spot, and two others piped over telephone lines to "411" for recording. Extending the accommodations of the studios is a Mobile Recording Unit, designed to provide studio facilities outside, and on remote locations. Apart from the income they pro- duce, the New York studios perform the important function of demon- strating to customers and licensees the superior performance of RCA Film Recording Equipment. Sales VOICES OF COMMENTATORS ARE RECORDED IN THIS STl'DIO FOR MITING LATER WITH Ml'Slr AND SOUND EFFECTS TO FORM THE COMPLETED SOUND IRM K OF A NEWSREEL OR TRAVELOGUE. of this equipment are handled from "411" for all the United States, ex- cept for a narrow West Coast striji embracing Hollywood. NBC Video Programs Rank High in Poll NBC's "Texaco .Star Theater" with Milton Berle, ranks first by a wide margin in a poll of East Coast radio and television editors, con- ducted by Television Daily to deter- mine "Your Favorite TV Program." Six other NBC video programs or stars were also honored in the poll, the first of its kind among TV editors. Fifty newspapermen on the East Coast in cities served by television ."Stations participated in the survey. They ranked variety programs first in preference; dramatic, second; sports, third, and forum, ((uiz and children's programs in a fourth place tie. "Phiico Television Playhouse," NRC's hour-long dramatic pi-ogram. garnered a large share of the popu- larity votes from the editors. "Meet the Press." another NBC video pro- gram, was given high rating in the forum category. In the "most promising new art- ists" category, NBC stars took four of the five places receiving the most votes. They are songstress Kyle MacDonnell. star of "Girl About Town"; Barbara Marshall, .song stylist, who has been heard on "Musical Miniatures"; and Helen King, graphologist, topping the list in the women's division. Rob Smith and "Howdy Doody" lead the list of male artists in this category. Radiophoto Circuit Opens A laiiiophoto circuit is now in (iperation between Shanghai and .San Francisco, H. C. Ingles, Presi- dent of RCA Communications, Inc.. fU; Broad Street, has announced. Kadiophoto service to and from this Far Eastern center is expected to be widely used, particularly at this time, Mr. Ingles declared, IHiinting out that such circuits are i-apable of handling written and printed documents, in addition to news photos. [18 RADIO AGE] NKW TKANSMITTER BUILDING OF RADIOMARINK .STATKl.N WCC-WIM AT I HAlllAM, MASSAL 11 LSh 1 I S. New Transmitter Building Erected for Station WCC Chatham, Mass., Sclcclcd as Site for Structure to House Modern Equipment and Facilities. THE modern equipment and more extensive facilities housed in the Radiomarine Corporation of America's newly constructed radio- telegraph transmitting station at Chatham, Massachusetts, have un- dergone a thorough trial and proved the superiority of the new location on Cape Cod. according to Walter A. Buck. President. WCC and WIM transmitters, operated at Marion. Massachusetts, for 25 years are oc- cupying the new quarters. With the additional new equipment manufac- tured by Radiomarine. combined with the more efficient antenna loca- tion provided by the salt marshland along Nantucket Sound, Mr. Buck said, WCC-WIM is one of the finest coastal radio stations in the world. Conforming to the locality, the new transmitter building is an adaptation of the Cape Cod style of architecture. The main structure of brick and stone is 112 feet long and .■?6 feet wide with a 24- by 42-foot wing. The windows are formed of heavy glass blocks to protect the transmitting and control equipment against damage from the heavy gales common to the area. Offices, storage space and shop facilities occupy the wing. The new modern 20-kilowatt transmitter operating on medium frequencies and also on the distress freciuency of 500 kilocycles; a 10-kw low frequency unit and three .3-kw high frequency units supplement the three 40-kw high frequency transmitters transferred from the previous site to make an impressive and efficient complement of shore station facilities. A .300-foct self-supporting steel tower on the edge of the marsh radiates signals from the medium frequency transmitter insuring positive communication with ships in distress and in the handling of regular message traffic. The heavier volume of radiotelegrams to ships at sea goes out to all parts of the world over shortwave antennas for the various frequencies. These an- tennas are suspended between sev- eral rows of poles up to 80 feet in height. The new station operates in con- junction with the companion control and receiving station located at Chathamport. six miles away. WCC- WIM provides radiotelegraph service for ships and aircraft throughout the world. Hundreds of messages, press dispatches, weather reports and SOS calls from vessels in distress flow through these sta- tions daily. The transmitting equip- [RADIO AGE 19" Receiving sfafion of WCC-W/M houses (he equipment which controls all Irammitlers. Beyond the lines of short masts supporting the station's high-frequency antennas is the high f lower of Chatham's 500-kilocycle transmitter. Interior of transmitter building showing high-frequency transmitters, in rear, and 500-kc transmdter (right). Frank Kremp, engineer-in-charge,at console. Scenes from Radiomarine Transmitting and Receiving Stations WCC-WIM at Chatham, Massachusetts. Messages awaiting transmission to ships are kept m this revolving rack at the receiving station. Operators at the receiving station keep a constant watch on frequencies used by ships throughout the world. ment is constantly attended by trained technicians and the control receiving station is manned by a staff of thirty highly-skilled code operators who keep continuous "watch" on the numerous frequen- cies used by marine and aircraft. The carrying power of WCC's signals has been demonstrated in communications with the Byrd expeditions to the South Pole; to aircraft over Iraq: the lighter-than- air craft, Graf Zeppelin; the ill- fated Hindenburg, and many others. Pilots and navigators of long-dis- tance plane flights have used Chatham for the gathering of essen- tial advance weather reports, and to contact their home bases while in flight. In 1938, when Howard Hughes made his round-the-world race against time, WCC brought continual news of his progress. Just ten years later, in 1948, when Pan American World Airways inaugu- rated its round-the-world clipper service, WCC linked the plane "America" with newspapers throughout the United States. Maintaiui Medico Service In addition to the normal message tr;iffic handled by Chatham, RCA, in cooperation with the U. S. Public Health Service, also maintains a special service for the benefit of ill or injured passengers and crews of ships at sea. This service, called Medico, was established in 1921 and taken over by RCA in 1922. Since that time, thousands of vessels with- out doctors have made use of the facilities without cost. Chatham and the other coastal stations oper- ated by Radiomarine, process 75 to 100 Medico cases a month. As each request for aid is received, details of the case are teletyped to the near- est Marine Ho.spital where doctors on duty study the reported symp- toms and file a return message pre- scribing the method of treatment. Medico messages have been ex- changed with ships in the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and, in fact, in all the seven seas. The history of station WCC is the history of marine radiotelegraphy. These call letters, now instantly recognized by ship radio operators on all oceans, were first assigned in 191.3 to a pioneer station of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com- pany of America at South Wellfleet, Massachusetts, 30 miles east of the new WCC at Chatham. There, on the ocean side of the Cape, Gugli- elmo Marconi, in 1903, had erected a transmitter building situated in the center of four 210-foot lattice- work towers which supported an ex- tensive system of antennas for his experiments in transatlantic com- munications. But the rapid evolu- tion of radio was destined to out- mode the crude transmitting ap- paratus, and in 1914, Wellfleet was abandoned to weather and the seas. In order to continue his opera- tions, Marconi erected a new receiv- ing station at Chathamport on the Bay side of the Cape, about three miles from the town of Chatham, and a new transmitting station was built at Marion, near where the Cape joins the mainland. However, World War I soon in- tervened and both properties were taken over by the Navy. The gov- ernment retained control until shortly before the Radio Corpora- tion of America was formed in 1919. For the first two years under RCA ownership, Chatham was a point-to- point station, exchanging messages with Germany, Norway and Sweden. Then in 1921, as plans were made to transfer all point-to-point activi- ties to the newly built Radio Central on Long Island, the Company in- stalled a 500 kilocycle transmitter, with call letters WCC, in the receiv- ing station at Chathamport to serve as a ship-to-shore link. This was supplemented a year later with a second WCC transmitter designed to operate on 2200 meters, a wave length at that time considered ideal for long-range communications. The 500 kilocycle transmitter then assumed the call letters WIM. Interference Increased However, with the addition of the 2200 meter equipment, interfer- ence problems increased. At that time "wireless" apparatus, begin- ning to be known as "radio" was relatively crude in comparison with present day standards. To eliminate transmitter interference at the in- creasingly busy receiving positions meant the removal of the transmit- ting equipment a considerable dis- tance from the receiving antennas. Accordingly, WCC's transmitters were moved to Marion. Overland telephone wires were leased to connect transmitters with the operators' keys at Chatham. This arrangement worked satisfac- torily during placid days on the Cape. But with the coming of win- ter storms, operations were some- times interrupted by ice formations and by trees which had fallen across the wires. On these occasions, crews were rushed from both ends of the circuit to find the trouble and re- join the wires. 1927 Emergency Recalled Oldtimers still at Chatham recall the emergency they faced in 1927 when the Prince of Wales was on his way to this country aboard the SS Berengaria. At an hour when message traffic to and from the British liner was at its peak, a windstorm broke connections in sev- eral places between Chatham and Marion. With 300 urgent messages waiting to be radioed to the vessel, one of the crack operators, carrying his telegraph key, set out through the gusty night, feeling his way in the dark from pole to pole until he spotted the break nearest Marion. He connected his telegraph key into the line, and in this unorthodox manner, proceeded to operate the Marion station transmitter until the last of the messages had reached the Berengaria. With the advent of "short waves" and the spanning of greater dis- tances, message volume increased rapidly and it was essential that in- terruptions to service be eliminated. To insure this, RCA engineers in 1937 designed and installed a micro- wave beam system over which the transmitters at Marion were radio- controlled from Chathamport, re- placing the long overland control wires. But the Government services recognized the value of the facilities available at Chatham and they were annexed to play their part in the World War II effort. Today, the new transmitting station with its associated control receiving station, embodying the latest design in elec- tronic equipment stands as a model of efficiency to serve the maritime world. [RADIO AGE 21] RCA FREQUENCY BUREAU Conference Work, License Proccasinfi and Puhlication <orts .-Ire Among Functions of Bureau's Ne»- York and W'usliington Offices. Expert Advice and Service on Frequency Matters Available to All RCA Divisions By Philip F. Siling Kiiyiitier-in-Churge RCA Frequency Bureau AS EARLY as 19:?0. RCA recoK- £\ nized the need for establish- iriK the frequency bureau, then a part of RCA Communications, Inc., as a separate department. This re- organization was desirable in order that all the Corporation's divisions and domestic subsidiaries could be serviced relative to frequency al- location, station licenses, and re- lated matters. To accomplish this, the "RCA Central Frequency Bu- reau" was formed. It continued in existence until l!t:}5, when the allocation of fre- quencies became increasingly com- plex. Furthermore, complications from increased governmental and international regulations mounted rapidly and the need grew for ex- I)ert Frequency Hureau service to aid in policy decisions. The present RCA Frequency Bu- reau was established in ]0.'!5 to pre- vent duplication of work and avoid conllict in dealings with govern- mental agencies. Its scope was greatly enlarged to include more general representation of RCA in- terests in frequency allocations and allied subjects. In 1945 the Fre- quency Bureau was made a part of the RCA Laboratories Division, at which time its functions were fur- ther extended to include the co- ordination of aviation activities. Among its many services, the liaison work conducted by the Bu- reau is of primary importance. The RCA Frequency Bureau, main- taining oflices in New York and Washington, is the normal contact channel between all RCA divisions anr> . With the objective of unifying in- dustry views and adding to the store of information on frequency utilization, the Bureau performs informal contact work with the Washington headquarters of in- numerable radio and allied adminis- trations. The RCA Frequency Bureau's principal foreign contact work con- sists in the clearance of cases and disputes arising from radio inter- wayne mason, (second from right) manager of the rca frequency ruireaf's new york ottice, discusses a license renewal with (;erald (jovldrup ( seated) , head of the marine department, and frank tyson. [ikpartment member. [22 RADIO AGE] FELIX SCIl-LEENVOIGT, (LEFT) AtiSlSTA.NT .MANAGER OF THE BUREAU, AND PATRICK MORRIS, (SEATED. LEFT) I.\ CHARGE OF THE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT SECTION, CONFER ON COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS. THE AUTHOR (LEFT) DISCUSSES NEW GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS WITH RAY SIMO.NDS AND OTHER MEM- BERS OF THE WASHINGTON OFFICE WHICH MAIN- TAINS CLOSE LIAISON WITH THE FCC. ference. The discharge of this func- tion, which frequently involves the State Department on diplomatic i&sues, serves to supply the Bureau with a variety of information use- ful in allocation questions, and in international conference participa- tion. Another important phase of Fre- quency Bureau liaison is the main- tenance of inter-Company contact. It furnishes consultation on re- search and development projects, production and sale of equipment, and communications operations. By carefully watching allocations and prospective frequency assignments affecting RCA-developed or manu- factured equipment, the Bureau is in a position to assist in guiding RCA organization policies, and to suggest to government authorities future RCA frequency require- ments. This advisory service has been used extensively in connection with television and FM activities. Thousands of Applications Filed From ten to fifteen thousand ap- plications for permits, authoriza- tions and licenses, (including license modifications and renewals), are processed and filed annually with the FCC by the RCA Frequency Bu- reau. Through its understanding of the purposes of the original re- quests for these filings, as sub- mitted by the Company's various services, the Bureau has been able to avoid duplicate and conflicting applications. For RCA Communications, Inc., applications are processed covering frequencies, antennas, additions to licensed communications points, ra- diophoto material, and construction permits. The Frequency Bureau assists the National Broadcasting Com- pany in securing special authoriza- tions to cover remote pickup pro- gi-ams, and by handling construc- tion permits, licenses, and license renewals for standard broadcast- ing, television and FM stations. On behalf of the RCA Victor and RCA Laboratories Divisions the Frequency Bureau obtains authori- zation for field tests and demonstra- tions of new equipment. The Bu- reau also secures type approval of new broadcast equipment and for modifications of existing equip- ment. A separate Marine Unit of the Bureau processes coastal and ship- iioard licenses. The approximatel.N 1800 licenses in these categories require frequent modification, as- signment, reassignment, cancella- tion and renewal. An average of over two thousand radio operating matters, relating chiefly to marine service and involving either radio station equipment or radio opera- tors, are handled annually by this Department. Since the Bureau is responsible for radio frequency allocation mat- THE AUTHOR AND ANNE LADD OF THE PUB- LICATIONS DEPARTMENT EXAMINE ONE OF THE .MANY' REPORTS WHICH THE BUREAU PUBLISHES REGULARLY. ters, it participates in all FCC hear- ings on this subject. In carrying out this duty, special preliminary studies are made to aid the Cor- poration and subsidiary or division involved in presenting its side of the case. The Bureau also conducts and participates in informal engi- neering conferences preparatory to hearings, and furnishes staff mem- bers to give advice and act as ex- pert witnesses. Participates in FCC Hearings The types of formal FCC pro- ceedings in which the RCA Fre- quency Bureau has participated in- clude hearings on general alloca- tions, standards of engineering practice, establishment of new ra- dio services, sub-allocations or regu- [RADIO AGE 23 latioiLs within a particular service, licensing and color television. In the I'xpandinR field of interna- tional conference work, the RCA Frequency Bureau insures adequate RCA representation both in the ex- tensive preparatory work and at the conferences themselves. This i.-; of primary importance in maintain- ing' RCA's position in international sales, manufacturing and opera- tions. The.se conferences may be classified as general (Atlantic City Conferences, 1947 1 and .special (North American Regional Broad- casting Conferences). General Ittfortnalion Compiled On the Atlantic City Conferences alone, preparatory work extended over a period of two and a half years, involving preliminary con- ferences at Rio de Janeiro, Ber- muda and Moscow. Prior to both the preliminary and final conferences the Bureau figures prominently in government-industry planning to formulate United States proposals. It likewise participated in separate internal RCA and industry-wide meetings to resolve conflicts and obtain a united industry position. The results of these conferences have been reviewed and compre- hensive reports distributed. The ever-increasing scope of interna- tional conclaves embraces, among others, those of the telephone, tele- graph, radio technical, radio admin- istrative and broadcasting fields. Its general information service is another extremely valuable func- tion of the RCA Frequency Bureau. In the Publications Department at 60 Broad Street, New York, a vast store of reference material on fre- quency allocation is compiled and kept on file. Among the voluminous listings are those on stations en- gaged in international high-fre- quency operation; active radio stations of the world, ba.sed on fre- quency measurements made at Riverhead, N. Y. ; ship radio sta- tions; and revised standard, tele- vision, FM, and international broadcasting station lists. One of the Bureau's most important publi- cations is the color-coded frequency allocation chart, which has become almost indispensable to government radio officials and engineers here and abroad. [24 RADIO AGE] UEFRESENTATIVES OK RlA LABORATORIES A.\D RCA VK'TOK lllM.slo.N .MEET WITH STAFF .MEMBERS OF THE SIG.NAL CORPS E.NCINEERING LABORATORIES IN THE FORT MONMOUTH AREA FOR A TWO-DAY DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH AND DEr\-EI,OPMENT PROJECTS. THE RCA DELEGATION WAS HEADED BY E. W. ENGSTROM (SECOND FROM RIGHT IN FRONT ROW) AND M. C. BATSEL (ON MR. ENGSTRO.M'S RIGHT). GENERAL LANAHAN, COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE AREA, A.ND GE.NERAL AKIN, CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, ARE FIRST AND FOURTH RESPECTIVELY IN THE FIRST ROW. RCA Participates in N. Y. Book Festival "Interpreting Industry to the Public by the Printed Word" was the theme of the RCA display at the recent Book Festival of the New- York Museum of Science and In- dustry, in Radio City. During this event, which continued from No- vember .'i-l 1, more than 100,000 per- sons including businessmen, school children, members of the armed forces and sightseers visited the museum to study the displays of 49 exhibitors. In the center of RCA's display were copies of the booklet, "RCA What It Is . . . What It Does" opened to pages showing pictures of the activities carried on by the various services of the Corporation. Also in the exhibit were books, brouchures, catalogues, promotional material and pamphlets published by the Company. Of the thousands of RCA book- lets and pamphlets given away to visitors, the most popular were "The Magic of Making RCA Tele- vision Picture Tubes," and RCA Victor's "In the Groove" and "Rec- ord Review." More than 25 books written by RCA employees were gathered for the display. Among them were vol- umes by Dr. \'ladimir K. Zworykin, vice president and technical con- sultant of RCA Laboratories; Dr. James Hillier and other members of the Laboratories .staff: John L. Hall- strom, general merchandise man- ager, RCA \"ictor Division, and ("harles O'Connell of the Victor Record Department. PUBLICATIONS OF RCA AND BOOKS BY RCA AUTHORS WERE DISPLAI-ED AT RECENT BOOK FESTIVAL IN RADIO CITY. NEW YORK RADIO CORPORATIOH OF AMERICA (^ BRIG. GENERAI, DAVID SARNOFF (LEFT) AND JAMES C. PETRILLO, PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN FEDERATKIN OF MISICIANS, AT SIGNING OF CONTRACT ENDING BAN ON THE MANUFACTURE OF RECORDS. PACT ENDS YEAR-OLD BAN ON RECORD MANUFACTURE FOR the first time since January 1, 1948, musicians began makinj^ new phonograph records on Decem- ber 14, following the signing of an agreement by James C. Petrillo, President of the American Federa- tion of Musicians, and officials of record-manufacturing companies. The five year agreement, which had been approved by the Depart- ment of Justice, provides for a wel- fare fund for unemployed musi- cians. The fund is to be financed by imposing a royalty of one to two and a half cents a record, depending on its retail price. The money will be spent to produce free concerts staged by unemployed musicians who will be paid for their services. Samuel R. Rosenbaum, a director of the Philadelphia Orchestra Asso- ciation was installed as impartial trustee of the fund, which, it is estimated, will receive $2,000,000 a year from royalty payments. Within two hours after official notice of the signing of the agree- ment had been received at the RCA Victor recording studio, 1.55 East 24th Street, New York City, RCA artists resumed the making of records. Petrillo's Coiniiient "I feel that something should be said about a great man who brought this about, for this is another vic- tory for all of us" said Mr. Petrillo, after the pact had been signed. "And feeling that one man in the industry was a fair man, I went to see General Sarnoff, some five-six months ago and I said "General, what are we going to do about this thing. Are we going to fight it out like we did before, or are we gonna settle this matter in a nice manner like Americans should?' And he said: 'Jimmy, there shouldn't be any fights ; we ought to get together on this thing.' And we did get together. He grabbed hold of the bull by the horn himself, called in the industry— did a swell job— ad- vised me as to what he thought was right and wrong. I mean when I say advised me, he said: 'This is the thing we can do, and this is what we will do, and no more than this,' and so on, and I believed every word that man said. And, Ladies and Gentlemen, believe me that everything he said was God's honest truth. Night and day, when he says this is the truth, this is what's gonna happen— that's exactly what happened. I can't say too much for that man in this industry, and I think that labor has a friend in General SarnofF." Triumph for Industry and Labor "This is almost as great an emo- tional surprise for me as seeing the first record cut here after a year of silence," said General Sarnoff in reply. "I don't know any appro- priate response that I could make to so generous a statement as Jimmy Petrillo has just made about me. All I can say is that this is not the work of any one man. It took pa- tience, restraint, wisdom and some skill in negotiations on both sides to arrive at this settlement. At this happy time of the year I think it is especially fitting to call attention to the fact that there can be harmony between men as well as harmony be- tween singers. In these negotia- tions Mr. Petrillo has been fair and worked hard, and so did his counsel, Mr. Milton Diamond, who was a resourceful man at all points where we struck snags. As a general, I am a man of peace. And so I pre- ferred a just and peaceful settle- ment to an unnecessary slugfest. I think this is a great triumph for both industry and labor, but the greatest triumph of all for the American people who will now be free to get selections of their own choice from a highly competitive industry." [RADIO AGE 25] DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF LARGE-SCREEN TELEVISION PROJECTOR SUSPENDED FROM rHEATKR BAIAONV. PICTIRKS AS LARCE AS 18 X 2-1 FEET HAVE BEEN PROJECTED WITH THIS APPARATUS. Large-Screen Television Two Basic Methods of Projcctinv:, Thcatcr-Sizcd Images Notf Undergohig Series of Praclical Tests By Ralph V. Little. Jr.. Engineering Products Ocpt., liCA Victor Division LAKGK-siTeeii television systems J for theaters and auditoriums have been developed in two forms, both of which are underjfoinK a series of practical tests. One is the direct projection system by which hiRh-brilliance kinescope imaK^s are projected throuffh an efficient re- flective optical system; the other, an intermediate film system usinK' standard motion iiicture projection techni(|ue. after the television im- ages have been photoKi'aphed on motion picture film and suitably processed. The direct projection television system consists of three major ele- ments. One is the projection kine- scope which is the source of the lipht image, the second is the optical system which projects the image onto the screen, and the third is the .screen from which the final image is viewed. The kinescope used in the direct system is similar to the direct view- ing tube used in the conventional television receiver, except that pro- jection kinescopes have a much greater light output due to higher voltage operation, for which they are spitially designed. The elements of the optical sys- tem consist of a spherical mirror, n correction lens, and a projection kinescope tube. The lenses now used in large projection systems are made of plastic, formed in glass moulds by a cold-setting process. Lenses as large as twenty inches in diameter have been made by this process. Reflective optics have been adapted for large screen projection up to 18 by 24 feet. The largest system ever built consisted of a 42-inch mirror, a 26-inch lens and projection kinescopes of either 12- or 15-inch diameter, operating at 80,000 volts. The high cost of the 42-inch mirror system has indicated the advisability of concentrating on smaller optics and increasing the voltage capabilities of the seven- inch projection kinescope in order to make a compromise system which would be successful commercially. Three Units in Intermediate Plan The alternate system of large screen television projection is the intermediate film method which consists of three major units. The first is the television recording unit with a qualit.>» television monitor and a special 35mm motion picture camera: the second consists of a high-speed processing machine, and the third, the conventional .'?5mm theater film projector. Such a sys- tem can be so integrated that the time elapsing between the appear- ance of the image on the kinescope and its projection on the viewing screen is less than one minute. A special camera was devised which would compensate for the difference between the 30 complete images per second as used in tele- vision and the standardized rate of travel of motion picture film at 24 frames per second. This camera al.so provides for sound-on-film re- cording. In this camera a precision shutter is required to give the proper ex- posure to the film. In terms of the television .system, the exposure must be accurate to less than one-half of a scanning line or one part in .30,000. Improper exposure shows up as a black or white band when the wrong number of television lines is re- (Continucd on page SO) [26 RADIO AGE] «*^ Casting for Television Stan of Broadnay and Hollywood, Once Skeptical of Television, Now Look Upon New Medmm as Potent Showcase for Talent ever since. But those many who gave radio the brushoff have had good cause to regret it. This is something today's actors don't want to have repeated. They see television as something that can coin them a lot of money even if, at present, many of them are not getting rich on it. If one fact about casting for tele- vision stands head and shoulder above all others it is that stage ex- perience is an actor's best qualifica- tion. We have auditioned thousands upon thousands of hopeful aspirants for video programs and in virtually every case, the actor who has trod the board, "has it". Stage Actors Preferable Stage actors, accustomed to act- ing with their whole bodies and able to memorize hours of script in com- paratively short periods of time, are generally preferable to radio people whose voices are better actors than their bodies and who are better script readers than script memo- rizers. I say "generally" because there are, of course major excep- tions. As to film people, they are in general, too far from us geographi- ically and at present too hard to iii By Owen Davis, Jr. Director of Program Preparation and Procurement National Broadcast Company THE casting picture at NBC has changed greatly since, let us say, two years ago. Talent in those days was pretty hard to get; the industry was small, it offered little money compensation and the over- head lights were a great deal less comfortable than those used now. This is not to say that we were un- able to obtain top-name stars. We could and we did, for even then there were actors and actresses genuinely interested in learning the ins and outs of the medium. But today — with many commer- cial programs on the air and a grow- ing number of dramatic productions seeing the light of day — actors are literally flocking to our doorsteps for a chance to appear on television. The reason is simple: television is something they want. They like it artistically and they are afraid to be left out of it financially. And since art and finances are the two chief concerns of any actor, we are having little trouble getting good talent for our shows. All actors today either remember or have been told about the early days of radio, when radio was screaming for talent and the great majority of Broadway and Holly- wood actors were ignoring the screams. What happened was that those few who paid attention to the plaintive cries got in on the ground floor and have been making money get hold ot to permit any generali- zations. The actor today sees television as a mighty i)otent showcase. When an actor goes on television, he knows that his audience may reach into the millions. It would take him many years of appearing on stage to play to that kind of audience. By and large it is the stage ac- tor— the actor trained to play before "live" audiences without a script — who thus far has been most success- ful in television. It is the actor who has felt that "rapprochement" with his audience — whose gags or whose lines are timed split-second with the audience's reaction. Actors have told me that api)earing on television is like one "first-night" after an- other on the stage. Once the show is under way on television there are no re-takes, and once the show is over, it is not repeated hundreds of times by the same actors as a stageplay is. So there is something to the attitude of "first-nighters." Generally speaking, of course, a good actor will be a successful one in television as he would be in any other medium. Talent, wherever it is found, is talent. That television can benefit actors and actresses is demonstrated by the list of Broadway and Hollywood contracts that have been signed as a i-esult of ai^pearances on NBC. Ann Irish. Kathleen McGuire, Olive Stacy and \'aughn Taylor all came (Continued on page .70) PAT GRAY A.ND .MAURICE MAXSON, THE AUTHOR TELEVISION PLAYERS, AUDITION FOR (AT RIGHT). [RADIO AGE 27] SI lOUK NBC TELEVISION NETWORK (AS OF JAN 12, 1949) COMPLETION OF THE COAXIAL CABLE SPAN INDICATED BY THE DOTTED LINE LINKS THE EASTERN AND MIDWESTERN TELEVISION NETWORKS. TELEVISION NETWORKS JOIN Eastern and Midwestern Chains Linked January 12 Making NBC Programs Available to 15 Stations. WHKN President Truman takes his oath of office Janu- ary 20. millions of people from Bos- ton to St. Louis will be viewing the event, an accomplishment made possible by the completion on Jan- uary 12 of the coaxial cable link joining NBC's East Coast and Mid- west television networks. The new, interconnected network consists of fifteen stations, eight in the East and seven in the Mid- west. Another eight outlets, not yet connected by coaxial cable or microwave relay, will be serviced with kinescope recordings of major NBC television programs, bringing the total to 23. Of the 23 stations, five are owned and operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This is the limit of ownership permitted by the Federal Communications Commission for any one company. Four of these stations — in New York, Washington. Chicago and Cleveland — will be part of the inter- connected network. The fifth, in Hollywood, is operating, but will not be joined to the rest of the XBC network until a coast-to-coast con- nection is available at some time in the future. The remainder of the stations are independently owned affiliates of NBC. This constantly-expanding net- work is the outgrowth of two sta- tions existing in 1940, WNBT. New York, and WRGB, Schenectady. Television activity was brought to a standstill during the war, but since 1946 the development of video in the fields of set manufacture, programming and station and net- work construction, has been phe- nomenal. Joined by Cable and Relay NBC's East Coast network was expanded to include Washington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston. Richmond, and. very recently. Prov- idence. These stations are joined by coaxial cable or microwave relay. During this time, the Midwest web was taking form. NBC affiliates came into being in Buffalo, Detroit. St. Louis, Toledo and Milwaukoi . Linkage was completed betwiti. these stations, and on September 20, 1948, the NBC Midwest network was officially launched. Soon aft^ that, their number was increased 1 two, as NBC's owned and operated stations in Chicago and Cleveland began telecasting. Early in November the American Telephone and Telegraph Company notified NBC that service by coaxial cable between New York and Chi- cago would be available in January 1949. Unlike the East Coast con- necting cable, which NBC uses full- time, the cables that join both the individual Midwest stations and the main East-west link must be shared with the other networks. This, how- ever, is a temporary difficulty which is expected to be remedied as facili- ties increase. NBC was the first television broadcaster to develop a video net- work and continues to pioneer in networking its television shows. The role of a network in the de- velopment of the new medium is one of vital importance. Although in- dividual stations may operate with- out the aid of networks, they have found it especially difficult to pro- vide good program fare unless they are located in or near talent centers. Networking of programs, it has long been acknowledged, is the most practical way in which to get the highest quality program to the largest number of viewers at the lowest possible cost. Signal Corps Purchases 217 RCA Radar Units Two hundred and seventeen com- mercial-typo marine radar units have been purchased by the U.S. Signal Corps for installation aboard ships of the U..*n. Transport Service, according to an announcement by Walter A. Buck. President of Radio- marine Corporation of America. The units consist of the latest surface-search 3.2 centimeter com- mercial radars, and represent one of the largest single radar orders re- ceived by Radiomarine to date. Other government sales have in- cluded units to the U.S. Coast Guard. Armv Corps of Engineers and U.S. Navy. [28 RADIO AGE] below: this model of electronic reading aid converts letters into their spoken sounds. at right: earlier model of re.\dini; aid permits user to recognize letters by distinguishing sounds when scanned by electron beam in hand-held stylus. Electronic Reading Aids Latest Experimental Model Automatically Converts Letters into their Normal Sounds — May be Useful in Translating Coded Patterns. A LABORATORY model of an electronic device which con- verts reading matter into the sounds of individual letters has been devel- oped by the RCA Laboratories Divi- sion of the Radio Corporation of America. The development work was carried out by Dr. V. K. Zwory- kin, L. E. Flory "and W. S. Pike of the Laboratories staff. In operation, a line of type is scanned letter by letter with a scanning mechanism containing a miniature cathode-ray tube and an optical system. Each printed letter is scanned vertically with a pin- point of light at a rate of 500 cycles per second. The scanning, however, is not continuous but is carried out so that the scanning spot pauses momentarily at several points along its path thereby creating the effect of a series of scanned spots ar- ranged in a vertical line. To facili- tate the recognition of signals from the individual spots of light, the spots are not present continuously, but are made to appear one after the other in a time sequence. If the series of spots forming the vertical line is now moved manually along the lines of type, the light, normally reflected by the white paper, will be interrupted by the black portions of letters. These in- terruptions can then be transformed into electrical impulses by means of a phototube and amplifier. As a result of the high speed vertical scanning and the manual scanning along the lines of print, the signal output of the phototube amplifier will be in the nature of the scanning frequency, modulated by the interruptions of light. Five to eight channels or spots of light are present in each vertical sweep of the scanning beam and are separated by a timing circuit and counted by electronic means. The total number of pulses from all channels is unique for most letters of the alphabet. One of the ambiguities exists in the case of b and d, since the num- ber of counts derived from these two letters is the same. But closer examination of b and d will show a difference in the sequence in which the pulses in the various channels occur. In b, for instance, none of the scanning spots will be reflected at the start of the scan- ning because of the letter's vertical portion on the left. By contrast, the solid vertical portion of d is encountered by the scanning spots at the extreme right. The informa- tion thus collected by the .scanning process can be combined with the balance of the scanning informa- tion to differentiate between the two letters. The output from the selector cir- cuits is used to operate a magnetic reproducer arranged so that, as a letter is recognized, a single re- cording of that letter is reproduced through a loud speaker. The indi- vidual letter sounds are recorded on separate discs driven by friction from a continuously rotating shaft. The instrument is believed to have possibilities as a recognition device for the translation of coded patterns such as those which form the basis of teletyped messages. INDIA PURCHASES THREE SOUND FILM RECORDERS Three RCA sound film recording systems, purchased by the Indian Government for the production of educational motion pictures and newsreels are expected to play a large part in India's plans to ac- quaint the people with the duties of citizenship in the new free state, according to official reports received by Meade Brunet, RCA Vice Presi- dent and Managing Director, RCA International Division. Under the plans, films covering a wide range of progressive topics in social and economic fields will be produced in Bombay and distributed to all parts of the country by the Indian Minis- try of Information. [RADIO AGE 29] Television Coverage Extended by New Method (Continued from page 13) "This new system will make the fine proKi'iims of these two stations avuilalile in more perfect form to many thousands of additional tele- vision viewers who live in a wide area between New York and Wash- inpton which heretofore has not received satisfactory service. The use of synchronization will soon be extended to other areas which are troubled with the problem of inter- ference where two stations or more are on the same channel." Reduction of tropospheric inter- ference between television stations on the same channel became an urgent objective of industry engi- npers after the decision of the FCC in September to impose a freeze on processing of applications for the construction of television stations. The interference, which occurs for the most part in fringe areas of television coverage, shows up on the screens of television home re- ceivers as moving horizontal black bars, which may be described as a "Venetian blind" effect. The inter- ference is due to characteristics of the troposphere, or upper air masses, which cause television sig- nals to be refracted over long dis- tances with signals from several transmitting stations being received simultaneously in certain localities. The extent of interference depends on the strength of the interfering signal and the difference in carrier frequences of the stations involved. Ray D. Kell. head of the Televi- sir)n Section of RCA Laboratories and long a pioneer in the develop- ment of television, conceived the idea of synchronizing the carrier frequencies to reduce the cross-bar interference. As the difference in carrier frequencies is reduced, the number of interference bars di- minishes; when there is no differ- ence in frequencies, there are no bars. Mr. Kell's development work, in cooperation with RCA associates and NBC engineers, resulted in the equi|)ment now in use between New- York and Washington stations of NBC. This equipment consists of two units. The first is at RCA Lab- oratories in Princeton, the second at television station WNBT in New York. When the system is in operation, signals from New York and Wash- ington stations are compared elec- tronically at the output of two radio receivers located in Princeton. Information regarding frequency differences of the two distant trans- mitters is carried as frequency modulation of a 1,000-cycle tone by telephone line to New York. The frequency shift of this tone is utilized to change the frequency of the New York transmitter to maintain it on exactly the same fre- quency as the Washington trans- mitter. The operation of the system is entirely automatic and will re- quire little or no attention. It was pointed out that a similar system could be established, when equipment is available, to synchro- nize any two or more television sta- tions operating on the same assigned channel. There are 12 channels as- signed to television in the country at the present time with a total of 51 television stations using them. Seventy-three applications for con- struction permits have been granted by the FCC, and 310 application.- are on file with the Commission awaiting the end of the freeze. Casting for Television (Continued from page 27 ) to the attention of stage and film people through NBC video. Then there's Kyle MacDonnell, who had appeared in "Make Mine Man- hattan" for about several months without achieving any great fame. After a half dozen shows on NBC Television she had received more I)ubiicity — including a cover i)icture in Life — and more big-time offers than she had ever dreamed of get- ting in so short a time while she was on Broadway. Actors are notoriously unconven- tional in their desire to add artistic satisfaction to economic gain. Money, they admit, is important, but so is the pleasure of acting in a medium that provides their act- ing talents with full outlet. And television is just such a medium. In television, an actor is not just a voice, as in radio, nor does he portray his part a few minutes at a time over a period of several weeks, as in the movies. In television he gets the artistic and emotional gratification of creating a complete, head-to-toe character every time he appears before the cameras. To the outsider this may appear to be a quite secondary con- sideration, but to anyone who knows the members of the acting profes- sion, it is as important as the money to be made and the fame to be won. One trend I've noticed lately is quite significant. Several major radio actors are giving up good money and putting in hard hours (luring the summer to play before stock company audiences. They're doing it as practice for television. Large-Screen Television (Continued i rum ]>ayc :^(1) corded on the film and will be seen as a region where a gap or overlap occurs making a white line for under-exposure and a black line when over-exposure occurs. The next unit of a film system is the rapid jirocessing equijiment. The Eastman Kodak Company has found that rapid jirocessing, at higher solution temperatures, is entirely feasible. The film generally selected for this purpose is a fine grain positive stock normally used for theater release )irints. The final link in the film system is the standard ;i.5mm motion pic- ture projector. In performance, large screen projectors are now limited by the quality of signals available for pro- jection. The technical possibilities of the projection system are equal to the best studio television equip- ment and an inferior picture on the screen is caused usually by a de- terioration of the signal between camera and projector. [30 RADIO AGE] Dr. Zworykin Receives Poor Richard Club Award Dr. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Vice President and Technical Con- sultant of R C A Laboratories, Princeton, X. J., has been named by the Poor Richard Club of Phila- delphia to receive its 1948 Award for Achievement, an honor given annually "to the most deserving of contemporary American citizens." Dr. Zworykin will receive the award at the Franklin Institute, on .Janu- ary 17, at ceremonies highlighting the annual Franklin Day celebration which will be attended by the Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania and other state officials. After selecting television as the most timely subject, the Club's members, composed largely of exec- utives of newspapers, magazines, advertising agencies, printing con- cerns, and radio and television sta- tions, unanimously voted that Dr. Zworykin, in developing the all- electronic system, was mainly re- sponsible for bringing television out of the laboratory and making it commercially practical. In addition to his invention of the iconoscope, television's first elec- tronic "eye". Dr. Zworykin devel- oped the kinescope, electronic pic- ture tube of the television receiver. Presentation of the award coincides with the 25th anniversary of his invention of the iconoscope. Additional citations have been received by Dr. Zworykin for his research and developments in the video art. In 19.34, he received the Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize from the Institute of Radio Engi- neers. He was given the Overseas Award of the British Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1937 for a paper on the iconoscope, and in 1938 received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the Brook- lyn Polytechnic Institute. In 1940. the National Association of Manu- facturers presented him with the Modern Pioneers Award, and in 1947 Dr. Zworykin was awarded the Howard X. Potts medal of The Franklin Institute. His most recent citation was the Chevalier Cross of the French Legion of Honor which he received from the French Gov- ciiinient in 1948. Past recipients of the Poor Rich- ard Club award include Brig. Gen- eral David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of Am- erica, who received the medal in 1939 for outstanding achievements in radio; Will Rogers; Walt Disney; Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker ; Will H. Hays, and Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and H. H. Arnold. Changes in RCA Management ( Coiititiued from page 8) Election of Mr. McConnell as Vice President in Charge of Finance of the Radio Corporation of Amer- ica was announced on .Januai-y 7 by Frank M. Folsom, President of RCA. In 1941, Mr. McConnell joined the Legal Department of the RCA Manufacturing Company, now the RCA Victor Division. A year later, he was named General Counsel of that organization, and in 1945, he was elected Vice President and General Attorney of the RCA Victor Division. He has been Vice Presi- dent in Charge of Law and Finance of the RCA Victor Division since April, 1947. Mr. McConnell, who is a native of Davidson, N. C, was graduated from Davidson College in 1927, and in 1931 received a Doctor of Laws de- gree from the University of Vir- ginia. He practiced law in West Palm Beach, Fla.. and in Charlotte, N. C, then in 1933 joined the legal staff of the National Recovery Ad- ministration, serving part of the time as head of one of the three sections of the NRA legal depart- ment. Upon leaving the NRA in 1935, Mr. McConnell became an associate in the Xew York law firm of Cotton. Franklin. Wright & Gordon (now Cahill, Gordon, Zachry & Reindel), where he specialized in legal phases of government regulation of corpo- rate enterprise. Mr. McConnell is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Kappa Alpha, and Phi Delta Phi fraternities. Announcement of Mr. Buck's election as Operating Vice Presi- dent of the RCA Victor Division, Radio Corporation of America, was made by .John G. Wilson, Executive Vice President in Charge of that Division on .January 7. Mr. Buck, a retired Rear Admiral of the U. S. Xavy, has served since March 15. 1948, as President of Radiomarine Corporation of Amer- ica, a service of RCA. In retiring from the Navy last March, Mr. Buck ended a distinguished career of 30 years in the Navy, the last two of which he served a.s Paymaster Gen- eral and Chief of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. For his wartime services he was awarded the Legion of Merit. A native of Oskaloosa, Kan., Mr. Buck wius graduated from Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engi- neering in 1913, and received a Master of Science degree from the same college in 1916. He was commissioned an Ensign in the Navy on July 30, 1917, and served in World War I as supply officer on the USS Cannndaigua. After the war, he received a variety of assignments, including four years in the Planning Division of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. In World War II, he rose from Commander to Rear Admiral, serv- ing with distinction on the staff of Arthur L. Bristol with the Atlantic Fleet, and later with the Office of Procurement and Materiel in Wash- ington. In 1945, he was named Director of the Navy Materiel Re- distribution and Disposal Adminis- tration and then Chief of the Prop- erty Disposition Branch, Materiel Division. Before his promotion to Paymaster General and Chief of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, he served for seven months as As- sistant Chief of that Bureau. Wins H. P. Davis Award Howard Reig, staff announcer of WGY. Schenectady, New York, has been named national winner of the H. P. Davis National Memorial Announcers' Award for 1948. He received a gold medal and a cash prize of $500. [RADIO AGE 31] RCA SPECIAL RED TUBES Minimum Hie — 10,000 hours! • These new RCA Special Red Tubes are specifically designed for industrial and commercial .-.pplica- lions using small-type tubes but ha>ing rigid requirements for extra reliability and long tube life. As contrasted with their receiv- ing-lube counterparts, R(;A Special Red 'lubes feature vastly improved life, stability, uniformity, and re- sistance lo vibration and impact. I heir unique structural design makes them capable of withstand- ing shocks of lot) g for extended periods. Rigid processing and in- spection controls provide these tubes with a mininuini life of I (),()()() hours when they areoperated within their specified ratings. Fxtremc care in manutacturing combined with precisit)n designs account for their unusually close electrical tolerances. R(;A Application ilngineers are ready to co-operate with you in ap- plying these new types to your de- signs. W rile RCA, Cuininercial lingineering. Section DR75, Harri- son. .\. I. TAILE OF RECEIVINC-TYPE COUNTERPARTS. 5691 6SL7GT (0.6 A. h»at«r) (0.3 A haotof) 5692 6SN7GT 5693 6SJ7 RCA Spociol R»d Tub«« can bo u»ad In moti cotAt at roplocomontt for thoir counlorporli In oquipmont whore long lifo, rigid construe- fien, oxtrofti* uniformity, ond oxcop'ional ■lability ar« noodod. THE FOUNTAINHEAD OF MODERN TUBE DEVELOPMENT IS RCA ruse DCRARTMBMT SEND rOR BULICTIN . . HoDkkt M< I • UK) I conuins con^plctc icch nical Ja(a on K(!A Spe- cial Red I'uhcs. For your copy wriic: RCA. Commercial Fnitinccr- init. Section DR''^. HarriM>n, N. j. RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA HARRISOM. M. J. \ RADIO AGE RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION > APRIL 1949 y,^, - ^-' NEW NOTE IN MUSIC Pouer/ul K( .1 r,iJio truiisiiiillir — I 'enezuclati Army I'tirt of a fleet of HO mobile units, R,ii/io Policial, Caracal VENEZUELA expands its uses of modern RCA radio equipment OM; or nil! MOSl significml trends in Venezuela is the ex- p.inilin^ use of radio . . . for intercitv, fjovcrnmcnl, pt)lii.'f and military communications. Citizens in towns formerlv with- r harmoniously with the hue nf the vinyl plastic record material used. The new colored records, which represent savings up to 50 per cent in record cost, will aid the consumer in classifying, storing, and identi- fying the various categories of re- corded music in home libraries. The discs are packaged individually in cellophane envelopes. For dealers, constantly faced with the problem of attractive record displays, the new gaily colored all- purpose discs, together with thi 45-rpm record playing instruments, mark a significant merchandising departure from the varied-size tra- ditional black records. For the first time, dealers will have a small, single-size record for all music classifications, and record filing will be merely a matter of matching colors on the shelves. Color index- ing will insure permanently e(iual- ized displays— for at a glance the dealer will be able to determine which record classification ro(|uires supplementing. It is expected that color indexing of records will al.so speed service in the store. A proper display of the musical classifications by color will enable the customer to locate easily the type of music he prefers and serve himself. Each color category will bear a standard price, making it easy for the customer to deter- mine the cost of his purchases, and helping the salesman to figure prices. While RCA Victor's initial catalog of IS-rpm records — approximately 200 currently popular hits — is made up of repertoire transferred from conventional master recordings, it will be augmented shortly with new- releases recorded on 45-rpm mas- ters. RCA Victor will continue to make available on 78-rpm records all musical selections recorded for the new 45-rpm system. The 78-r|)m releases will continue to be made in the customary black compound aid in the special de luxe red vinyl plastic series. Anyone may have the new 45-rpm system. To enable those who al- ready have a conventional radio, phonograph or television combina- tion to use it in playing the new rec- ords, RCA Victor has produced an automatic record player attachment, in addition to six other instruments incorporating 45-rpm facilities — three Victrola console models and one table model radio-phonograph, a television console combination, and a self-contained automatic pho- nograph with built-in amplifier and loudspeaker. The attachment comes with a cord and plug fur use with a phono- graph input jack, and is easily con- nected to the amplifier and loud- speaker system of almost any radio or television instrument already in the home. The four console instru- ments also provide AM and FM radio reception, and the television combination and one of the Victrola radio-phonographs include a second changer for 78-rpm records. Enthusiasm for the new RCA Victor 45-rpm system has been ex- pressed by many experts in the field of music including two of the world's foremost artists. Maestro Arturo Toscanini, conductor of the NBC Symphony Orchestra, said "I was very impressed with the speed and smoothness of the automatic record changer aiid consider both the record and the instrument a significant advance in the field of recorded music." .Jascha Heifetz, celebrated violinist, declared that the 45-rpm system "is the most faithful reproduction of music on records I have heard so far. . . . I consider the new development the solution to the present-day problem of building a record library in a limited storage space." ONE OK THE NEW K( A VICTOR MODELS HAS FACILITIES FOR 11 \ ■. 1 s • , HuTH AND •l.'>-RPM RECORDS, IN ADDITION To FM AND AM RECEPTION. 7H-RFM [4 RADIO AGE] Communications-Key to Victory General Sarnofj. in Address to Armed Forces Coniniunkations Association, Enrisaiies Enlarged Role of Television in Complex Modern Warfare and Tells Members Victory Could Well Go to Side Which Sees "Farthest", "Soonest" C COMPLEXITIES of modern war y with supersonic speeds, guided missiles, danger of "surprise at- tack" and the extensive use of tele- vision as a military aid give a dif- ferent meaning to far-sightedness, Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chair- man of the Board, Radio Corpora- tion of America, told members of the Armed Forces Communications Association at their third annual meeting in Washington on March 28. Because of the strategic im- portance of television, already demonstrated in naval, military and air operations, he proposed a revi- sion of the old saying that the battle goes to those who get there "fust- est" with the '"mostest." In another struggle, he said, the victory could well go to the side which sees "far- thest", "soonest." In his address to more than 500 executives of the communications and photographic industries and members of the armed forces, General Sarnoff as retiring presi- dent of the Association, urged America's large corporations and small businesses, together with their best men, to "make company and personal sacrifices to come to the aid of preparedness planners in this country." Projects Gain Needed Time "My recent visit to Europe con- vinced me more than ever of the need for the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic security pact," General Sarnoff said. "These may not prove to be solutions in them- selve.s, but together they offer hope and encouragement to the peoples of Western Europe, a fact which amply justifies their existence. Moreover, through the combined operations of the two projects we are enabled to gain the time so sorely needed to work out the com- plicated problems which are astir in a world that is neither at war nor at peace. "Time also is required to gear our industry toward a mobilization ji^ BRIG. CENKKAL HAVU) SARNOFF (CENTER), PWICJIT G. PALMER (LEFT), PRESn)ENT, GENERAL CABLE CORP., AND ADMIRAL JOHN D. PRICE, DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS, AT THE SPEAKERS' TABLE AT THE A.NNUAL MEETING OF THE ARMED FORCES CO.MMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION IN WASHINGTON, D. C, ON MARCH 28. plan that would be effective in the event that an emergency cannot be avoided — effective w-ithout confu- sion and without delay. But actually we need more than time, if we are to be fully i)repared to meet success- fully a possible emergency of mod- ern dimensions. We need also, the interest and experience of the best brains in American research labora- tories and in industry to work with our military planners. Sacrifices Must Be Made "\ cannot emphasize too strongly that all the large corporations and small businesses, together with their best men, must make company and personal sacrifices to come to the aid of the preparedness planners." General Sarnoff said that he knew from personal ob.servation that com- munications were the key to success in our advance in Europe in World War II, and declared that they had an equally important role in the Pacific war. Expressing assurance that Amer- ican military leaders understand the importance of communications and will take care of their effective use, he added: "Our job in indus- try is to do all we can to assure that such advances as w^e make in the communications art are promi)t- ly made available to the appropriate military service and thus help to strengthen our national security. That is certainly one of the princi- pal purposes of our Association and the main reason for its existence." General Sarnoff recalled that at the meeting of the Association last year at Wright Field he had warned that to ignore the swift advances of science would court disaster, and had commented upon the probable use of television jls an aid to vic- tory in battle. Since then, he said, it had been demonstrated by the aircraft car- rier Leytc, at sea off New York, how television can be used to direct tomorrow's battles. "In this first ship-to-shore tele- (Continued on page 2i) [RADIO AGE 5] THE STATUS OF TELEVISION Extension of Telerision into Hijilnr Frequencies, nlieu Atithorized by FCC, will not make Present Video Receivers Obsolete Until it is definitfly known which higher-freiiuency channels will be available for television it is imprac- tical to desi^'n a set and unjustified to assert that it will efficiently pick up all channels by the mere adjust- ment of the tuning turret. If. as, and when the Federal Com- munications Commission decides that the higher frequencies are to be utilized for television, then and only then can the proper sets be de- signed. But when that day comes, the simple converter can be used with present sets to extend their tuning range into the higher-fre- quency spectrum. Ten-Year Old Sets Still in Use It is interesting to note that RCA Victor television receivers first in- troduced to the public in 1939 are still in use, although more than ten years have passed. In that period television has made great and fun- damental advances. Similarly, there is no indication today that receiv- ers of 1949 design will be obsolete in 1959, or even later than that date. Naturally, the majority of manu- facturers in designing their televi- sion receivers have the public in- terest continually in mind, and they adhere to standards set by the in- dustry and by the FCC. Rut they cannot build receivers today for the future when it is not knowii what channels will be used. Engineers must know which higher frequency channels will be allocated to tele- vision and what the standards will be to supplement those already in use, before they can design the set of the future. Addptation rtould be Costly For any manufacturer to boast economic superiority for a televi- sion receiver that will not be obso- lete eventually because it is provided with a few components for receiv- ing higher frequency channels is un- justified and misleading. And to adapt such a set to receive higher frequencies would be an expensive job, probably more costly in total than the simple converter needed to keep present receivers in line with By J. G. Wilson Executive Vice President in Charge of RCA Victor Division PRKDICTIONS that a future shift of television broadcasting to higher frequencies will make present receiving sets obsolete are absolutely unfounded, and are not based upon scientific or economic facts. It is true that research scientists are exploring the higher frequen- cies in an effort to determine their possible usefulness in television. But these investigations have not reached the stage that will permit the establishment of commercial standards and the early opening of new channels for television, except for experimental purposes. If, even- tually, it is found that television can oi)erate successfully on the higher frequencies, then new equipment, new transmitters and new tubes must be developed on a commercial scale — and all that takes time. But even if the higher frequen- cies are found to l)e practical for television broadcasting, present sets will by no means be obsolete. It al- ready has been demonstrated that a suitable converter can readily be applied to sets now in use so that the sets will not only receive the twelve channels for which they are designed, but will time in broad- casts on the higher frequencies as well. Up to the present, neither the Federal Communications Commis- sion nor any other group, technical or otherwise, has made a concrete and authoritative proposal as to which particular high-frequency channels may some day be opened for television. l)rogress. With such a converter no modifications whatever are required inside the set. RCA Laboratories, one of the world's foremost centers of radio, television and electronic research, has led and continues to lead in the exploration of the high-frequency spectrum. As rapidly as discover- ies are made and can be applied commercially, the RCA Victor Divi- sion will bring the new imi)rove- ments to the public in the form of television receivers. Television will continue to advance, and every ef- fort will be made by RCA to in- crease the service to the public. Never in the history of wireless, radio broadcasting, or television have scientists and engineers been able to guarantee "positive built-in assurance" that a receiver «•(// not be made obsolescent by any contem- plated changes in channels. Such a statement is no more true in radio and television than in the automo- tive, aviation, or any other field which thrives upon science and con- tinually improves and advances in bringing new and added benefits to the public. Research Achieves Progress Every new art or business based upon the technical sciences must deal continuously with the factor of obsolescence. That is why Ameri- can industry continues research to achieve progress and to lift the American standards of living. Every new development in radio and tele- vision, whether it be a device or system, involves some obsolescence of former methods, but obsolescence is nothing to be feared — for the American people know that through the ingenuity and creativeness of scientists and engineers, every ef- fort will be made to keep pace with the new, while taking effective meas- ures to keep the old in useful service. The Federal Communications Commission has not proposed that the existing television channels be replaced by others. On the contrary. Chairman Coy stated on March 23, as reported by the Associated Press, that the twelve channels "will not be eliminated" and that "present tele- vision sets av.-iilable on the market will get service from these channels continuously." Service on these channels is constantly expanding. [6 RADIO AGE] and thousands of new receivers for these channels are reaching Amer- ican homes daily. If and when additional channels in the higher frequency band are opened to television, their function will be to supplement, not to replace, the channels already in use. Instru- ments now in service will continue to serve, and new instruments also will come into American homes in much the same way that a new streamlined automobile takes to the road alongside cars that are 10, 20 and even 25 years old — and all con- tinue to give service to the public. The Radio Corporation of Amer- ica has done more to investigate the ultra-high frequencies (UHF) than any other manufacturer or broadcaster. Its experiments go back many years, and have been on a virtually continuous basis ever since. These experiments, described in articles widely read throughout the industry, have provided the main basis for the consideration of television in the UHF band at the hearings held by the FCC. With this background of experience, unique in the industry, RCA pre- sents the following facts regarding television today and its possible lines of development in the future: Original Channels Retained In 1945, the FCC established 13 channels for commercial television broadcasting between the frequen- cies of 44 and 216 megacycles. These channels have remained unchanged to the present day, with the excep- tion of Channel #1, from 44 to 50 megacycles, which was transferred to another service before it was put into commercial use. The only com- mercial television authorized by FCC is on the 12 channels from 2 to 13, inclusive. All RCA Victor television receivers and nearly all other television receivers have been engineered and manufactured to these standards, the only standards authorized by the FCC. These fre- quencies are referred to as VHF (very-high frequencies) in contrast to UHF (ultra-high frequencies). The continuance of channels 2 to 13 for television broadcasting is un- questioned. As previously men- tioned, FCC Chairman Wayne Coy has stated positively that this is so. It is well recognized in the in- dustry that a need does exist for additional channels to supplement the present ones, in order that all sections of the country may have full enjoyment of television service. The only space available for these additional channels is in the ultra- high frequencies. Therefore, it is assumed that the FCC will author- ize these frequencies for television use if and when experiments, in- cluding field tests, prove them prac- tical and reliable for regular serv- ice to the public. Where UHF Stands Today Although UHF has been studied intensively, and numerous tests have been conducted by RCA and others, much information necessary to its practical operation is still to be de- veloped. The situation as of last September was summarized in a re- port to the FCC by the Joint Tech- nical Advisory Committee of the Institute of Radio Engineers and the Radio Manufacturers Associa- tion, as follows: "JTAC finds that there is no commercial equipment for UHF television available at this time. It estimates that a period of not less than one year, possibly two or three years, will be required to develop and produce transmitter tubes suitable for short-range coverage, for the 475-890 mega- cycle band and UHF television receivers suitable for commercial production. The development of equipment, particularly receivers, must await the adoption of per- formance specifications, which in turn depend on the availability of further engineering informa- tion." It will be noted that this state- ment emphasizes the development period of UHF transmitter tubes — only one element of many involved in the establishment of a practical UHF television system. RCA began its more recent UHF tests from the Empire State Build- ing, New York, early in 1946. A second field test was conducted in the Washington, D.C. area during the Fall of 1948. During this test television programs were broadcast simultaneously on VHF and UHF to provide comparisons between these two frequency bands. Full technical reports covering the operation of the.se stations have been published. The information needed is still far from complete and RCA is now un- dertaking tile erection and opera- tion of another UHF television sta- tion in Bridgeport, Conn., with the objective of obtaining solutions to remaining problems. This station is expected to begin operating for tests late in 1949. It is impossible for anyone to predict with accuracy when UHF television will become a practical reality. The approval of FCC, the setting of standards, the designing of transmitters and receivers, all have to follow the solution of engi- neering problems. RCA Victor television receivers are designed and manufactured to provide the customer with the finest obtainable television at the lowest possible price. While keeping the customer's future needs constantly in mind, nothing has been added to increase the cost of his equipment today. If a manufacturer has par- tially provided for possible conver- sion to UHF in current receivers, the customer is paying for such pro- vision today for an arrangement which may prove inadequate to- morrow. Facts for the Customer The customer should be told these facts: (1) The additional cost to the buyer of equipment built by the manufacturer into re- ceivers today for possible use on UHF tomorrow. (2) The still /!/rf /tercosi of mak- ing this equipment usable when UHF comes. (3) Whether the UHF equipment built into the television re- ceiver today will be sufficient to receive on any UHF chan- nels which the FCC may allo- cate eventually. To determine the real cost to the consumer of converting his receiver to UHF, it will be necessary for him to add these first two factors together — that is, the initial extra cost of built-in UHF equipment and the future cost of adapting it to actual use. In the RCA Victor method previously referred to, the (Continued on page 27) [R.ADI O AGE 7] 16-Inch Metal Kinescope Tccgardcti Declares Field Tests Prove New Tube Has Numerous Features Advantageous to Television Set Owners THE new l*>-iiich direct-view metal-cone kinescope tube, in- troduced recently by Kadio Corpora- tion of America after 13 years of research and engineering develop- ment, has been enthusiastically ac- cepted by leading television set manufacturers, according to L. W. Teegarden, Vice President in Charge of Technical Products, RCA \'ictor Division. During demonstrations of the tube at the Annual Convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers in March, Mr. Teegarden pointed out that the tube provides an ideal pic- ture size between that supplied by the popular 10-inch kinescope and the large screen of projection models. In addition, he said, the metal kinescope has proved through extensive field tests that it ijossesses electrical and mechanical features that are specially advantageous from the view point of television set owners. The use of metal as a material for the envelope of a large-size tele- vision picture tube, Mr. Teegarden added, was based on several factors. There is a plentiful supply of chrome steel; metal can be formed and shaped to exact dimensions with greater ease; the weight is substantially less; the finished product has greater durability and the tube assembly is more readily adapted to mass production. All this adds up to a bigger and better television picture at lower cost to the television public. The most unusual feature of the new tube is the glass-to-metal seal which joins the glass neck and glass face-plate to apex and base respec- tively of the metal cone. So per- fect is this seal, applied through techniques developed and perfected at RCA tube plants, Mr. Teegarden said, that test.s far more severe than would ever be encountered in actual use, have failed to rupture the joint. In one test, RCA engi- neers placed a metal tube in boiling water, then in liquid air at a tem- perature of minus 374° F., and once again in boiling water. Ex- amination showed no effect on the seals from this treatment. Gives Greater Screen Brilliance Through the 16-inch tube it is jjossible to obtain a large picture size without sacrificing screen bril- liance and contrast when operating the receiver from low-cost power .supplies. Although the 16-inch metal tube functions with the relatively low voltages of present 10-inch tube sets, it was pointed out, its ad- vanced design permits the applica- tion of much higher voltage to the tube with consequent increase in screen brilliance. While the metal surface of the tube is electrically charged, receiv- ers are so designed that it cannot be reached from the outside of the cabinet. The tube itself is covered with a permanent plastic hood hav- STANDARD RCA VICTOR TELEVISION RECEIVERS — LEFT TO RIGHT: TABLE MODEL WITH A 10-INCH CLASS TUBE; TAIILE MoDKI. WITH A IG-INCH METAL-CONE TUBE. AND A I'RCIJKCTKIN-TYI'K (IINSOLE. THE ll'i-IMU MKTAI.-rONE TELEVISION PICTURE TUBE PROVIDES AN IDEAL PIC- TURE SIZE BETWEEN THAT OF THE POPULAR 10-INCH KINESCOPE AND LARGE SCREEN PROJECTION RECEIVERS. ing high insulating properties. This safety precaution is in addition to the coat of insulating paint which is applied to the tube at points where electrical leakage might oc- cur under operating conditions of high humidity. Receivers utilizing the 16-inch metal tube have received full approval of Underwriters Laboratories. Envisaging the enthusiastic pub- lic acceptance of the new tube with its assurance of larger, clearer pic- tures, Mr. Teegarden said. RC.-\ recently broke ground for an ultra- modern tube i)lant in Marion, Indi- ana, whose entire output will be de- voted to production of the new 16- inch metal tube, supplementing the present production of the world's largest picture tube manufacturing jtlant, owned and operated by RCA at Lancaster, Penna. "Our primary inirpose." Mr. Tee- garden said in conclusion, "is to produce the best possible tube at the lowest possible cost, and in the largest possible quantity to help meet the enormous public demand for jiicture tubes. We feel that the 16-inch metal tube represents an imiKirtant step in this direction." 8 RADIO AGEl Electron Microscope in Industry //; ()nl\ Eight Years, this Versatile Itistrunieiit, a By-product of Television, has become Indispensable in the Research Laboratories of the Nation's Leading Manufacturers and Processcrs By Paul A. Greenmeyer Scientific histruments Section, RCA ^'icto)^ Division IX THE past eipht years, electron microscopy has established it- self as a basic science in the mod- ern industrial research laboratory. From the day that the first RCA electron microscope left the factory destined for industrial use, this powerful electronic servant has be- come increasingly indispensable in the commercial world. A by-product of RCA research into television, the electron micro- scope gradually took shape in the mind of Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice President and Technical Consult- ant of RCA Laboratories, as he brought electron lenses, power and vacuum systems to the required de- gree of refinement. Sufficient prog- ress had been made by 1937 to place further development in the hands of a group of engineers and physicists headed by Dr. James Hillier. In 1940, this group of pioneers had perfected the first commercial instrument, forerunner of the more than 300 instruments in use in practically every part of the globe. Microscopy has always played a significant role in the development of industrial processes and prod- ucts. Since magnification under the electron microscope goes far beyond the limits of the light microscope, it found ready acceptance in indus- trial laboratories. Approximately 75 percent of the electron micro- scopes in the United States are in commercial use. The remaining 25 per cent are employed by medical research scientists who, through their appreciation of the potential- ities of the instrument, gave elec- tron microscopy its greatest initial forward impetus. The electron microscope is a ver- satile tool. As proof of this, Amer- ican industry has put it to work on chemicals, ores, textiles, metals, plastics, rubbers, foods and drugs, dyes and colors, pigments and paints, dusts and fumes, polishes and finishes, soaps, greases, etc. In laboratory procedure, the micro- scope is used for: basic research 'discovery of new principles and uncovering new knowledge) ; devel- opment research (finding the an- swer to specific problems) ; and quality control (forecasting the properties of a material or prod- uct). Minute Particle Size Determined As the RCA electron microscope began opening doors to the un- known, research physicists were able to explore a wider universe and discover new facts. An amazing wealth of detail regarding the size of minute particles was uncovered, and characteristics of matter were discovered which have fundamental bearing on the quality and value of industrial products. Continued stud- ies have proved the truth of some surprising and unclassified facts first revealed by the microscope. Industrial scientists have adapted this new knowledge to the develop- ment of more desirable raw ma- terials, and to the improvements in the processing of finished products. The Hercules Powder Company, a pioneer in electron microscopy, employed this new approach to its papermaking problems. Its scien- tists studied the penetration of pig- ments, the eflfect of cooking pro- cedures on wood fibers, and the variations in particle size and shape of clays, fillers, sizes, binders, ad- hesives, impregnants and inks. By [RADIO AGE 9] this means they discovered ingredi- ents which made finer and more economical chemicals for paper products. These discoveries, in turn, created a more profitable mar- ket for their chemicals. Today, these scientists are delving deeply into the minute structure of basic cellulose fibers, because the chem- ical behavior of cellulose during processing is closely related to the physical properties of its fibrils. Application of these studies achieves a more efficient use of cellulose during processing and a final product of superior quality. Research physicists have long sought to discover the qualities in a "grade A" product that make it superior. The RCA electron micro- scope, with its enormous resolving and magnifying powe/ offered fas- cinating po.ssibilities for discover- ing the factors underlying these "superior" characteristics. In this UK. LA VEKNE WILLISFOKD, COODYEAR TIRE & RIBKER CO.MPANY, USES RCA ELECTRdN' MHHIIsroPE IN HIS STI'DIES (II- NMIKM. Wli >■, NTIIETIC RUBBERS. respect, the Goodyear Tire & Rub- ber Company was faced with two important questions: "Why does synthetic rubber exhibit so much greater mechanical stability?" "Why does synthetic rubber im- pregnate fabrics more readily than natural rubber?" Goodyear scientists, through the electron microscope, found the an- swers. They discovered that natu- ral rubber particles have dimen- sions from ■! to 1(>0 millioiiths of an inch, while synthetic particles vary from 1 to 7 millionths of an inch. This information gave Goodyear and other rubber manufacturers the long-desired solutions to their important questions. With these new-found facts, it was po.-^sible to check for the particle size that re- sults in a bcttiT product. Assigned to Qualily Conlroi Today, another rubber firm, the B. F. Goodrich Company, is dis- covering that the large research model RCA electron microscope is so fre(|uently assigned to (|uality- control api)li<':itions that it can be used only sparingly for research. It was for situations such as this that the budget-wise console model RCA electron microscope was introduced. Desk-like in appearance, this sim- [10 RADIO AGE] KIRST RCA ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TO BE lUII.T (LEFT) WAS ACQUIRE!) BY THE AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY AND niNTINl'ES I.N VSE AS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL I.N THE firm's LABORATORY AT STAMFORD, CONN. plified, convenient-to-operate instru- ment is completely self-contained and can be easily moved from place to place, bringing its great resolv- ing and magnifying power close to the production line. Goodrich has found that this mobility speeds up both research and quality control. Another leader in American in- iiK-(IF-THE-M0NTHt(^1'B : AND NORMAN COUSINS, EI)IT' Department, Washing- ton, D. C, and duty in some of the Navy's largest shipyards. His last office was that of Commander of the Naval Shipyard, Long Beach, Calif., where he served from Novem- ber, 1946 to January, 1949. While Production officer at the Naval Shipyard in Norfolk, Va., during World War IL Admiral Wynkoop supervised construction of the noted aircraft carriers Tarawa and Lake Champlain. A native of Philadelphia, Admiral Wynkoop attended the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and was commissioned an Ensign on June 7, 1918. He served on a U. S. destroyer out of Queenstown dur- ing World War I, and following the Armistice took a postgraduate course in Naval architecture and THOMAS p. WYNKOOP, JR. warship design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from which he received a Master of Science de- gree in 1922. The following year. Admiral Wyn- koop joined the staff of the Navy Yard at Mare Island, in San Fran- cisco Bay, where he served until 1926. After a detail aboard the U. S. S. Rigel, he was transferred to Cavite Naval Station in the Philippine Islands. In 19;!1, he returned to the United States for a tour of duty in the Bureau of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, Washington, D. C, remaining there until 1935, when he was assigned to the Puget Sound Navy Yard. From 1939 to 1941, he was a member of the United States Naval Mission to Brazil and assisted that country in its construction program for which he was decorated with the Order of the Southern Cross. Shortly before the United States entered the war. Admiral Wynkoop was detailed to the Shipbuilding Division of the Bureau of Ships in Washington, where he served for the next four years. During the latter part of the war, he was Production Officer at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. He was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral on June 28, 1943. Admiral Wynkoop has received many honoi's and awards for his distinguished service. They include the Victory Medal with Bronze Star, World War I ; American De- fense Medal, American Area Medal, World War II Victory Medal, the Cruzeiro de Sul of Brazil. Secre- tary of the Navy Commendation Medal and the Legion of Merit. Cutouts Aid TV Station Planners (Continued from page IJ,) located and the scope of operations, studio planners have adopted the cut-out system to great advantage. The tiny models give engineers and planners a completely accurate picture of how studios and entire stations can be arranged for best acoustical and space results. They also are made to give the prospec- tive customer an idea of what his money will buy. Since television calls for large expenditures, sta- tion owners naturally want some idea of what equipment they will require, and what method of in- stallation is best. As architects, shipbuilders, de- signers, and decorators have dis- covered in the past, the lowly cutout is an ideal solution to the problem. TWO BOOKLETS OF SCALED PATTERNS PROVIDE ALL MATERIAL NEEDED IN THE ASSEMBLY OF MODEL LAYOUTS. [RADIO AGE 15] « u Sheets of translucent plastic are reduced to proper thickness under the heated rolls of this huge machine. A 45-rpm record complete with labels is removed from one of the many powerful presses in the Indianapolis plant. o Making 1 45 rpm K ami Record I THESE scene plant of the R of the steps t increasing qu high-fidehty a diameter, an^ r^ Record players undergo a listening test, one of the final steps in the manufacture of the high-fidelity instruments. Assembling one of the basic components the trouble-free automatic changing mechi nism of the 45-rpm record player. I An inspector checks the operation of the disc-changing cycle of a record player. A moving conveyor separates the assembly group on the left from testers and inspectors of the finished product on the right. Television Bolsters U.S. Economy Expaudittg Demand of Video Industry for Wide Range of Basic Materials and Component Paris Will Act as Powerful Stimulant to Many Other Industries By John K. West '(• I'icsidcnt in Charge Public Relations, RCA Victor Division of Excerpts from an address by Mr. West before the American Management Association in New York, March 17. DURING the war, our econo- mists fijrured that it would be necessary to hold our national in- come at 208 billion dollars to keep us out of trouble. Last year we hit somewhere between 225 and 250 billion. Now, with some economic factors piving evidence of being spent, we are fortunate in having television as a jack to help hold our economy up — an industry that will be the sturdiest of any since the automobile was invented. Television, America's greatest new industry, is bolstering our economy in many ways. It stimu- lates supplier industries. It is a vast business of itself. And all this is dwarfed by television's ability to move goods. First, let's see how television stimulates other indus- tries. Television, as a market, is still taking shape. 1949 marks only the third full year of its postwar activity. Yet we are quite confident that the industry will produce over 2,000,000 television receivers this year. The annual rate of produc- tion is stepping up so rapidly that, barring unforeseen restrictions, by 195."?, television should hit an an- nual going rate of around 5,000,000 receivers. Television a Boon to Industries This means a great deal to the mines and mills and factories in our country. It means a vigorous, grow- ing market for industries as far apart as New England textile mills weaving intricate cabinet grille cloths and Southwestern silver mines whose product is used for television tuner contacts. A television receiver has about 1100 components. That's ten times a.s many parts as the ordinary radio. Television absorbs the prod- ucts of hundreds of component manufacturers and sub-assembly manufacturers directly and those of thousands of suppliers indirectly. This means business for business all over the country. The receiver and the antenna on the roof take around 40 pounds of steel. Multiply that by 5,000,000 units a year, and you find television using 200,000 tons of steel, per year. There are so many little pieces of copper wire connecting parts in a television receiver that, if they were all put together, they'd make a single piece over 100 feet long. All told, each receiver requires about 9V2 pounds of copper. At the 5,000,000 going rate television will soon reach, television's annual cop- per requirements will hit 47'-! mil- lion pounds! Add 40 million pounds of aluminum and the 8.T million pounds of glass which will be used in picture tubes alone and the pro- portions of this industrial giant be- gin to be seen. In cabinets, tele- vision will use enough wood every year to make an inch-thick dance floor of four square miles!* There's a pound of rubber in each set. There are plastics, ceramics, mica, carbon, nickel, tungsten and paper. All of the.se figures are only the slightest indication of the real eco- nomic effect of television's material Over 103,000,000 board feet. requirements. This raw material must be fabricated into billions of component parts before it becomes a part of your home entertainment. We mentioned previously that over 2,000,000 television receivers are forecast for this year. Let ua translate that to dollars. At the retail level, these 2.000,000 tele- vision receivers add up to around $650,000,000 worth* of business. There will be appro.\imately $25,- 000,000 spent on television by ad- vertisers this year. Some 40 new stations will go on the air during 1949 to bring the total past 90. Each of these new stations repre- sents an investment approximating a quarter-million dollars. A.T.&T. is expanding television networks this year to link thirteen more cities to the present fourteen on the East- Midwest lines and is increasing the number of circuits joining the most important television cities. Billion Dollar Industry in 1949 Add it all up and we see that television, in 1949, only its third full year, should account for busi- ness activity totaling over a billion dollars! Imagine how big this baby will be when it really grows up! Industry, as well as agriculture, has always been involved with the cycle of planting seed, working to assist growth, and then harvesting the results. Television has grown so rapidly that it's easy to see this cycle in it. There was investment needed — investment in men, labo- ratories, intricate equipment; in- vestment in dollars, energy, genius and time. RCA alone spent $50.- 000,000 on television in research, experimentation, development and facilities. Its harvest is the phe- nomenon of commercial television. It is as an advertising medium that television's impact on market- ing methods has been most felt and recognized. We learn how. in three weeks, two $35 spot announcements weekly resulted in 2,270 New York outlets taking on a new food prod- uct. We hear about Macy's at Christmas time offering a $9.95 doll, fashioned after the little NBC marionette, "Howdy Doody" — sell- ing 10.000. We see the "Texaco Star Theatre" getting the incredible sponsor identification of 95','2 per- cent! We find Donald Stewart, ad- [18 RADIO AGE] STEEL 200,000 tons COPPER 47 I million lbs. ALUMINUM 40 million lbs. GLASS 83 million lbs. LUMBER 103 million board feet ESTIMATED MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS OF THE TELEVISION RECEIVER INDUSTRY FOR 1953, BASED ON A PREDICTED ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF 5,000,000 RECEIVING SETS. vertising manager of the Texas Company, writing "the most amaz- ing thing is the number of people — about 75 percent of those writ- ing in — who say they are going to switch to Texaco products." When results like these get around, we're forced to devote some study to advertising's modern Mer- lin. Television simply refuses to be ignored. Still we must retain our perspec- tive. This year the industry will manufacture over 2,000,000 tele- vision receivers. This same year it will manufacture over 11,000,000 radios. The circulation of news- papers and magazines remains high and effective. Billboard space is still scarce — and radio is still America's greatest means of com- munication. All these established advertising services still continue to do their jobs. At RCA Victor we still use them all. But we recognize that now is the time for extra effort in advertising and promotion. That's why we've added television. Just as radio carried many little-known or unknown brands to the top brackets, so will television create new brand names. Forty-two percent of the advertisers using network television during 1948 were not radio adver- sers. Let's watch it in action. Can you picture a youngster go- ing into a store and asking for a toy, not by its name, but by the general name of its manufacturer? A manufacturer — Unique toys — started using a children's program before Christmas to plug its line of merchandise. Soon the small fry were asking for them in stores, visits to Santa Claus, and Christ- mas hints to their parents by the manufacturer's name. An item that had been notably slow-moving in the Unique line sold out. Last season this company enjoyed the greatest demand in its history. Unique has now signed a long-term television contract to make the toy business a year-round instead of a seasonal one. Brand Name Strengthened Disney Hats, in contrast, used television to strengthen its brand name by having the company's dis- tinctive trade-mark "come to life" at the beginning and end of its network newsreel. Local retail out- lets in each city were encouraged to use the time spot following the network show. During the last three months, hat sales in general have been slipping. During those same three months, John David, the New York dealer who tied in with the broadcast here, has in- creased its Disney hat sales by 49 percent. Esso conducted a survey to find the percent of television owners using its products. Then Esso used television to tell its complex prod- uct story of "controlled volatility". Later the audience was surveyed again. Esso users were found to have increased by IOV2 percent! Television makes messages easy to remember. There were only 42 advertisers using television in February, 1947. They'd grown to 210 by January, 1948, and 1099 by January, 1949. Television has proved itself as an advertising medium, and its career is only beginning. Here is television's promise: to be an increasingly effective force for favorable influence on the dis- tribution pattern of consumer goods and services In New York today, television receivers are already in the hands of nearly 14 percent of the families. By next January 1, they should be in over 21VL> percent of New York homes. And let's see how many are expected to he in other cities by then: in I'hiladelphia, 20 percent; Washington, 19; Los Angeles, 15^/^; Baltimore, over 18. Here are some cities which should have more than 13 percent of their families equipped with television by next New Year's Day. Boston. Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Mil- waukee and St. Louis. [RADIO AGE 19] NEW TUBE HAS "MEMORY" Graphcchou, Developed at R( A Laboratories as a Teleran Adjunct, Can Store Visual Information for More Than a Minute. RADAR sig-nals or oscilloscope traces, which occur in less than a millionth of a second and which remain in view only a few seconds on fluorescent screens, can now be "stored" for more than a minute by a new electron tube that has "visual memory". The tube, called the Graphechon, is based upon the discovery that certain materials may be used both as insulators and conductors of electricity. It was described by Louis Pensak, research physicist of RCA Laboratories, Princeton, N. J. at the March convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers in New York. The first major use of the tube will be in Teleran, the television-radar air navigation sys- tem under development by RCA. The Graphechon is a "booster" device which is employed between the stage where a radar beam is re- ceived and where it is reproduced on a television kinescope. It retains for more than a minute images that have a life of less than one- millionth of a second. With the Graphechon the radar signal is kept in the form of an electrical charge, which is "written" on the tube target by the radar beam and "read" from it by an icono- scope-type beam, similar to that used in telecasting. The signal is then amplified and applied to the kinescope, the television viewing screen. Here it can be observed, or monitored, and picked up from the kinescope, by the television camera, retaining the brightness and good contrast of the screen image. The Graphechon makes it possible to observe a radar pattern on a Ijright-screen kinescope, instead of the dim radar scope, in a normally lighted room and without any spe- cial preparation. Electrons "Write" and "Read" The heart of the Graphechon is a metal target, 3 inches square, coated on one side with a layer of pure quartz, 20 millionths of an inch thick. In the original model, two beams in the legs of a V shaped tube are aimed at this target. One is the radar beam, which "writes" on the quartz surface: the other is the iconoscope-type beam — such as is used in a television camera — which "reads" from it. Unlike a fluorescent screen, the target is not light sensitive, but is sensitive to electrical charges. The beam of electrons from the "reading" gun strikes the target and every electron knocks off sec- ondary electrons, which fly to the conducting coating that lines the tube. Removal of negative electrons builds an increasing positive charge i;n the target surface, until a maxi- mum point of equilibrium is reach- ed. When this occurs the excess of secondary electrons, over the beam current, returns to the target, main- taining the electrical status quo. The quartz coating is now acting as an insulator and permits the charging of the surface to a higher voltage than the metal sheet. At this point the iconoscope beam has prepared the target for the radar beam, which will "write" on it. When the radar receiver picks up a reflection — of a plane, some point of the terrain, etc. — the signal turns on the radar beam of electrons which crashes through thi quartz layer, makes it conducting' at that point, and there discharges the voltage. In short, the action of the icono- scope type beam is to put a uniform positive charge over the entire sur- face of the insulating film. The action of the radar beam is to make the insulator conducting at the points of impact, and so dis- charge the film in some pattern. The iconoscope type beam then pro- ceeds to charge up the film once more. The iconoscope scanning beam then knocks secondary electrons (Continued on page 27) LOUIS PENZAK OF RCA LABORATORIES HOLDS ORIGINAL MODEL OF GRArHECHON TUBE WHICH HAS A "VISUAL MEMORY." READINO GUN CROSS-SECTION OF V-TYPE GRAPHECHON Tl BE SHOWINc; RELATFVE POSITIONS OF "READING" AND "WRITING" ELECTRON GUNS. [20 RADIO AGE NBC Documentaries Extended Network Expands Public Service Features through New "Special Programs" Project. Hour-Long Problem Dramas arc Widely Acclaimed OX the second rtoor of New- York's Radio City. NBC has established headquarters for the network's new project called, simply, Special Programs. Its business: to build and supervise the network's 'Living — 1949" series and "NBC University Theater" as well as full- hour documentaries and other "spe- cial" shows. Special Programs reflects the in- creasing importance of high-quality public service broadcasts on the NBC log. This is a trend which had its beginnings late in 1947, and resulted in radio's first and only documentary-a-week series. The program was called "Living — 1948," and wiis supervised by Wade Arnold, who now heads Special Pro- grams, and directed by James Harvey, now assistant to Arnold. Currently the series is known as "Living — 1949," but its aim re- mains the same as it was at the start: to set Americans thinking more about currently important issues and arouse them to intelli- gent action. Its carefully researched subjects have ranged from mental health to elections, and each broad- cast has mirrored Arnold's two cardinal rules of programming, viz., be adult, and never be dull. The response from both public and press has reached a high-water mark of enthusiasm. Out of "Living" grew the realiza- tion that some subjects need more extensive treatment than 2.5 min- utes allow. This important series has been supplemented, therefore, with a series of full-hour drama- documents. The first was "Mar- riage in Distress," a reasoned and challenging study of the status of marriage and the family in a WADE ARNOLD, HEAD OF NBC SPECIAL PROGRAMS. STUDIES A "DOCCMENTARY" SCRIPT AS JAMES HARVEY, HIS ASSIST- ANT, AND NANCYANN WOODARD. MEMBER OF THE RESEARCH STAFF, LOOK ON. changing society. The program was aired last September 1 under Ar- nold's supervision and was rebroad- cast a week later in response to appeals from listeners and critics. At year's end it won an award from the National Council on Family Relations. The second hour-long document- ary, produced December 19 under the aegis of Special Programs, was "Mother Earth," a study of the problem of world hunger. Pioneer in Documentaries "The increasing popularity of the documentary is one of the sig- nificant phenomena of the radio scene today," Arnold said, "but the format is nothing new. As long ago as 19,33, NBC pioneered in the hour- long documentary field. That year the network did at least three: 'The New York Sun: 100 Years of Amer- ican Journalism'; 'Headquarters,' a report on the working of the New York City Police Department, and 'Chapter One: the Story of 1933,' a dramatic account of Roosevelt's first year in the Presidency." Another current Special Pro- grams enterprise is "NBC Univer- sity Theater.' It was this series of which the New York World Tele- gram's radio critic Harriet Van Home said: "I think it would be nice today to bow our beads briefly and thank heaven (not to mention NBC which foots the bill)." This series, constructed much like a college course in British and .American fiction, has recently pre- sented dramatizations of novels of E. M. Forster, Aldous Hu.xley, John Dos Passos, Ellen Glasgow and Graham Greene, among others. It attempts not only to convey the story and basic ideas of each novel, but also tries to lead the listener to the novel itself for an intimate discovery of the writer's method and style. It forms the core of an NBC education-by-radio project at the University of Louisville and will be similarly adapted for other schools. [RADIO AGE 21] UK. liAKKV K. OLSON WENDELL L. CARLSON Receive I.R.E. Fellowships Two scientists of the RCA Lab- oratories. Princeton, N. J., and one from the RCA Laboratories, Rocky Point, N. Y., received their certificates as newly-elected Fellows of the Institute of Radio Enpineers at the Institute's annual banquet in the Hotel Commodore. New York, on March 10. Honored for distinction in the profession were Dr. Harry F. Ol- son, director of the acoustic re- search laboratory, and Wendell L. Carlson, supervisor of the radio re- ceiver research laboratory, both of Princeton, and Philip S. Carter, re- search engineer at Rocky Point. Dr. Olson was cited "for his out- standing developments and publica- tions in the field of acoustics and underwater sound". His associa- tion with RCA research goes back to 1928. He pioneered in the devel- opment of directional microphones, which are now almost universally employed in radio, television, sound motion pictures and other sound systems, and, in particular, the velocity microphone. He developed the first successful electronic pho- nograph pickup and has done out- standing work in the field of sound absorption. Important contributions were made during the war by Dr. Ol- son's group in the fields of air and underwater sound under contracts with the National Defense Research Committee, the Naval Ordnance Laboratory and the Bureau of Ships. Sonar systems, microphones and loudspeakers were developed, along with other devices still classi- fied as secret. He received his education at the University of Iowa, where he took the Bachelor of Engineering, Mas- ter of Science. Doctor of Philosophy and Electrical Engineering degrees. In addition to the IRP]. he is a mem- ber of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and the American Physical Society, and is a Fellow of the Acoustical So- ciety of America. Dr. Olson was chosen as one of America's Young Men in 1939 and, the following year, received the Modern Pioneer Award. He has received ;?5 patents and is the author of three books and many technical papers. The IRE Fellowship was awarded to Mr. Carlson "in recognition of his contributions over many years to the development of radio receiv- ers and their components". Mr. Carlson was a pioneer in the early development of broadcast receivers ; starting with the first RCA super- heterodyne-type home receiver in 1924. Under his supervision an international shortwave receiver which set the standard for home use was developed in 193.'?. and in 19'lfl his group devised the first RCA personal-type radio receiver. During the war Sir. Carlson super- vised important developments for the Navy on radar altimeters. He was born in .Jamestown. New York, and was graduated from the Bliss Electrical School. W;ishing- ton. D. C. He is a member of Sigma Xi and in 1940 received the Mod- ern Pioneer Award. He has re- ceived over 60 patents, most of which relate to broadcast receivers. Mr. Carter's citation was "for his many contributions in the fields of radio transmission and commu- nication systems". He is an expert on antennas, developed the folded (iipole antenna for television and F.M reception, which is a common sight in most of the nation's cities. It is estimated that 40 per cent of all the TV and FM antennas used in the U. S. are of this t>-pe. Associated with RCA since 1920, Mr. Carter has been issued more than 60 patents and is the author of a number of technical papers. He is a member of the American Mathematical Society and Sigma Xi, and received the Modern Pio- neer Award in 1940. Mr. Carter was educated at Stanford Univer- sity, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mechanical Engineering, and served as a lieutenant in the Signal Corps in World War I. Following World War II, he re- ceived a Certificate of Appreciation from the Air Force for his work on counter-measures employed against German V-2s and. he was awarded a similar certificate by the Army and Na\T. Lommunication i>ervice To China Extended Radiotelegraph service to Tien- tsin. Tangshanhop. Tangku. Tsing- hai and Chinwangtao. via Shang- hai, has been resumed. RCA Com- munications. Inc.. has announced following receipt of informati Programi Tillstrom, who prefers to be thought of as the "Manager" of the Kuklapolitans, is the crew-cut, youthful-looking man whose brains, voice and actions regulate the entire group of miniature mummers. Each tiny figure has a distinctly delin- eated personality which Tillstrom has enacted for so long that it never steps out of character and grows in realism. In addition to Miss Allison, Kukla and Madame Oglepuss, the cast in- cludes Ollie, Kukla's sad-eyed, fuzzy- topped little dragon pal (not a fire- eating dragon because his father inhaled while swimming the Hel- lespont) ; the bewildered-looking Cecil Bill Ryan, who speaks in a language intelligible only to Kukla : Fletcher Rabbit, a hard-working, flop-eared cottontail ; Colonel Crac- key. a bespectacled Southern Gen- tleman addicted to loud plaid shirts: Beulah Witch, whose professional techniques employ modern electron- ics rather than old-fa.shioned po- tions, and Madame Coo Coo, who came directly to television after personal appearances in a coo-coo clock in Santa Claus's workshop. Many Strange Situations Together on television, this merrymaking group gets involved in all sorts of situations ranging from Ollie's efforts to make pear- shaped tones under Madame Ogle- pu.ss's tutelage, to Fletcher Rabbit's impassioned protests to Colonel Crackey that, since rabbits don't go around shooting people, why should people go around shooting rabbits? When Kukla's invention, an elec- tronic permanent wave machine, took off all of Ollie's hair, the au- dience set about solving this prob- [RADIO AGE 25] PUPPETEER BURR TILLSTROM VIEWS THE CAST OF MINIATURE MUMMERS TO WHOM HE GIVES VOICE AND ACTION. lem with mighty enthusiasm. They sent all types of hair restorers, wips and even grass seed — appro- priately green and hairlike for dra- gons. Kukia chose the latter device for rectifying Ollie's coif, put seed on the dragon's head, watered it with a sprinkling can — and up sprang flowers. Eventually the elec- tronic permanent wave machine that caused all the difficulty was brought out again. Since, when turned on, it took the hair off. with Kukla- politan logic, when thrown into re- verse, it put the hair back. Shenanigans like these are always presented ad lib from outlines worked out by daily program staff discussions. Busiest Man in Television Once the program outline is firm- ly set in all the participant.'^' minds, the show is ready to begin. Burr goes backstage and becomes the busiest man in television. In addi- tion to being puppeteer, he watches the show on a television receiver, notes time, switches characters and voices with lightning speed. Hun- dreds of props are stored within his convenient reach. Agile, adept and versatile. Tillstrom has gained a reputation as the nation's top pup- peteer from these superlative per- formances. The wholesome nature of the pro- gram has particularly attracted at- tention from parent-teacher, safety, civic, and other groups, more than a dozen of which have presented the show with citations. Kukla's Clean Plate Club, an exclusive or- ganization with membership re- stricted to those who eat their entire meals, has won the gratitude of parents throughout the listening- looking audience. Health, safety, neatness and other desirable habits are "sold" to the children without preaching at them. And no vio- lence or action even approaching the borderline of poor tast ever appears on the show. This canny evaluation of how to both entertain and hold public favor has been developed by Tillstrom through more than 15 years of pro- fessional puppetry, beginning when he was a high school student in Chicago. He studied the work of the nation's foremost puppeteers and also engineered marionette shows. During one of these shows, 12 years ago, Kukla was born. For a production of "Saint George and the Dragon," in which the noble-nosed little man played Saint George, a dragon of comparable whimsy was needed. That was when Ollie joined Tillstrom's troupe, and he's been an indispensable part of the activity ever since. Performed at World's Fair The redoubtable team and many of its fellows first performed in behalf of RCA at a 1939 depart- ment store television demonstra- tion in Marshall Field &. Company, Chicago. In Spring, 19-40, Till- strom went to Bermuda, again for RCA, to participate in the Com- pany's first overseas television demonstration. Immediately recognized as tele- vision "naturals", Tillstrom and his little people were brought by RCA to the New York World's Fair. There the tiny troupe presented some 2,000 shows, a few of which were telecast over the NBC station in New York. During the war Kukla became a favorite in bond drives, service en- campments and with Red Cross units. Tillstrom still carries on this between-shows activity by en- tertaining at such places as or- phans' homes and hospitals. He finds this direct contact with audi- ence stimulating and secures many of his ideas for programs from the material that brings unexpectedly rewarding laughs from these audi- ences. Electron Microscope (Continued from i>ngc 11} stockings is also an important mat- ter to the average woman. In order to improve the color fastness in stockings and countless other nylon fabrics, the General Aniline and Film Corporation studies the struc- ture of dyes and pigments through the RCA electron microscope. Dr. F. A. Hamm. of General Aniline re- ports that micrographs of dyed nylon before and after steaming substantiate the two following theo- ries: first, that post-dye steaming increases the average size of dye crystals in nylon, which accounts for a decrease in their hiding power and an increase in their fastness to fading; and second, that the larger crystals on the surface can be "rubbed off" more easily than the smaller crystals, with a consequent loss in fastness. Dr. Hamm has successfully un- locked secrets of "color fastness" by combining American ingenuity with knowledge obtained through the RCA electron microscope. He is, in this respect, representative of the many scientists who daily labor in research laboratories everywhere to improve the products of every- day living. [26 RADIO AGE] New Television Antenna Reduces Interference PERFOKMIXC; like a traffic polic-eman in a one-way street, a new television antenna has been developed which will receive signals from only one direction at a time and will greatly improve reception of set owners in fringe areas which lie between stations on the same channel. Development of the antenna was reported by 0. M. Woodward, Jr., research engineer of EGA Laboratories, Princeton, N. J. Consisting of an array of four eight-foot dipoles in the form of a square, with the opposite members eight feet apart, the antenna can be made to receive from one direc- tion or the other by flipping a switch placed near the receiver. Interconnection of the dipoles through a diple.xing network makes this one-way effect possible. The Woodward antenna, it has been emphasized, is not an answer to any and all antenna difliculties, but is effective in cutting down co- channel interference when the re- O. M. WOODWARD OF RCA LABORATORIES STAFF MAKES ADJUSTMENT ON COMBI- NATION HIGH- AND LOW-BAND TFJJC- VISION ANTENNA WHICH HE DEVELOPED. ceiver is located between two sta- tions and on the fringe of their transmission areas, and to reduce interference of adjacent channel stations where the receiver is in- sufliciently selective. Interference experienced in Princeton between Channel 2 sta- tions in New York and Baltimore and between Channel 1 transmitters in New York and Washington has been largely eliminated by the new array. Efficient reception on high and low bands is achieved with the new device by attaching short pieces of wire in the shape of "V's" to each leg of the four dipoles. This, in effect, "shortens" the dipole, which is designed for low frequency re- ception, and permits optimum re- ception of high frequency signals. Tube has "Memory" (C(i»tiiiiicd from page 20) from that spot on the target in an effort to bring it back to equilib- rium. This removal of the electrons produces a signal on the target which is amplified and applied to the kinescope. The iconoscope scans 30 times a second and can take as long as 2,000 scans to bring the signal area of the target back to equilibrium — or read off the signal completely. The Status of Television (Continued from page 7) total conversion cost will not ex- ceed, and may be less, than if partial conversion equipment were included in present receivers. None of this cost will be incurred by the cus- tomer until UHF television broad- casting becomes a reality in his community, and then only if he elects to make the conversion, as- suming that he may need it at all. Moreover, a converter will enable the receiver to pick up programs on any ultra-high frequency channels which the FCC may allocate even- tually. RCA Victor considers it economi- cally unsound to add to the price of existing equipment, costs that might not eventually be justified. This in- cludes turret tuners or any other device built in to provide only par- tial coverage of the full range of ultra-high frequency channels which may be allocated by the FCC in the future. In any method of converting sets for UHF, the services of a trained television technician will undoubt- edly be required. This will be true not only for installation or activa- tion of the UHF tuning unit, but also for the probable antenna changes that will be required for satisfactory UHF reception. Changes in antenna, lead-in or an- tenna location would apply equally to the product of any manufacturer. With its nation-wide organization of television service experts, RCA can and will provide its customers with conversion service as efficient and as economical as can be obtained. In summary, the Radio Corpora- tion of America has been active in the exploration of the ultra-high frequencies, and has contributed more to their development, than any other company. Its leadership is as pronounced in this field as it is in all other phases of television, where the sum total of its experience in manufacturing, in field testing, in the design and construction of both television transmitters and receiv- ers, and in television servicing, is unequalled. RCA will continue to pioneer in UHF and, as in the past, to make its findings available to all for the advancement of television as an art and industry in service to the public. [RADIO AGE 27] Dr. Zworykin to Receive Lamme Medal for 1948 Ur. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, Vice President and Technical Con- sultant, RCA Laboratories Division, Radio Corporation of America, has been named to receive the Lamme Medal for 1948, awarded annually by the American Institute of Elec- trical Engineers for "meritorious achievement in the development of electrical apparatus or machinery." Dr. Zworykin will receive the medal durinjr the Summer General Meet- ing of the Association in Swamp- scott, Mass.. .June 20-24. The Lamme medal was estab- lished 20 years ago by Benjamin Garver Lamme, then Chief Engi- neer of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Mr. Lamme assigned to the Institute the responsibility of selecting the recipient and pre- senting the award. Dr. Zworykin, who joined RCA in 1928, has made many notable contributions to electronics, among them the invention of the icono- scope television camera tube and the development of the kinescope television picture tube. Dr. Zworykin was cited specifi- cally by the A.I.E.E. for "his outstanding contribution to the con- cept and design of electronic ap- paratus basic to modern television." RCA Radios for Caracas A high-frequency radio network employing the latest equipment de- veloped by the Radio Corporation of America has been set up by the Police Department in Caracas, Venezuela. In addition to two 250-watt trans- mitters at central police headquart- ers, the network comprises si.\ 60- watt fixed stations at other points in and around the city that are operated by remote control from police head(|uarters. Sixty patrol cars of the Caracas police force are equipped with RCA two-way radios linked to the net- work. A mobile criminological laboratory also forms part of the radio-equipped law enforcement body in Caracas, as do vehicles of various departmental chiefs. The system is under the direction of Inspector Miguel Angel Padilla. HEADQUARTBHtS OF CARACAS POLICE DEPART.ME.VT. CONTROL CE.NTER OF THE CITY'S RCA-EQUIPPED RADIO NETWORK. POLICE I.VSPECTOR MIGUEL ANGEL PADILLA IS AT EXTREME LEFT. Work Begins on New Tube Plant C GROUND-BREAKING ceremo- J nies for a new manufacturing center for the mass-production of RCA 16-inch metal-cone picture tubes for television were held March .S in Marion, Indiana. Construction of the first unit of the center will begin at once. The new Marion plant is to serve as a major "feeder" plant supplying kinescopes or television picture tubes to the industry. The new building will provide 100,000 square feet of manufactur- ing space. This is exclusive of the 160,000 square feet of factory build- ings already acquired by the RCA Tube Department in Marion. According to present .schedules, the new building is tentatively ex- pected to be completed by early Fall. In the meantime, plans are under- way to install temporary produc- tion machinery in plant buildings already existing on the site. These facilities are scheduled to produce their first 16-inch metal picture tubes by summer. The entire new plant, with its high-speed automatic machinery, is expected to begin full- scale output of the large metal tubes early in 1950. In appearance, the new building will be a low-lying one-story ultra- modern brick and steel structure, air-conditioned and fluorescent- lighted throughout. An extensive landscaping program will be under- taken to provide an exterior view in keeping with the modern char- acter of the new building. Ma- chinery to be installed will be similar to the high-speed automatic equipment especially designed and developed by RCA engineers and now turning out television picture tubes at the rate of more than one a minute at the Tube Department's Lancaster, Pa., plant. The Marion plant will utilize conveyor belts in moving tubes from one operation to the other. Language Course Recorder .A recorded language course pre- pared by RCA for teaching English to Spanish-speaking people has lieen announced by Meade Burnet, Vice President of the Radio Corporation of America and Managing Director of the RCA International Division. Entitled "English in the United States," the two album course is designed to introduce students to American speech, customs of Am- erican life and the essentials of English grammar. [28 RADI O AGE] Suppresses TV Interference Electronic Device Developed by Capt. Reinartz Traps Signals Which Sometimes Affect Quality of Television Pictures RADIO amateurs who have been , forced to restrict their dot- dash or vocal conversations with other hams because their sijrnals interfered with the operation of nearby television receivers are like- ly to find relief throujrh the devel- opment of an effective "harmonic suppressor" by Capt. John L. Rein- artz of RCA's tube department, Harrison, N. J. Essentially, the Reinartz device consists of a system of electrical circuits, connected into the trans- mitter, which "trap" certain trou- hle-causinji: frequencies called har- monics, and dissipate them before they can reach the antenna and spread through the "ether". In describing the procedure that amateurs should follow in makinjr their transmitters harmonic-proof. Reinartz pointed out that an ama- teur station may be operated in full conformance with FCC regulations on harmonic radiation and still in- terfere with nearby video receivers. With the Reinartz suppression cir- cuits in effect, the "ham" is able to police his own transmitter with benefit to all concerned. To demonstrate the effectiveness of his system, Capt. Reinartz as- sembled a typical amateur trans- mitter and operated it only ten feet from a television antenna and re- ceiver. Even under such rigorous conditions, all six television chan- nels in the local area were sampled and found to be clear of transmitter interference to a degree previously considered unattainable. Harmonics are not peculiar to radio. They are present in many media where vibrations or oscilla- tions are present. In music, for instance, harmonics are the supple- mentary tones or frequencies that give distinctive timbre to different musical instruments. Without them much of the delicate shadings of musical tones would be lost. But the presence of harmonics in radio is not always such a fortunate circumstance. If they are permitted to go out on the air from radio transmitters, they are more than **■-. CAPT. JOHN L. REINARTZ HOLDS ONK OF THE HARMO.N'IC SI'PPRESStWS WHICH HE DEVELOPED TO ELIMINATE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN AM.^TEUR STATIONS AND TELE- VISIO.N RECEIVERS. likely to interfei-e with some of the other radio services. Television is particularly sensitive to their pres- ence. Although the desirability of sup- pressing harmonics in amateur transmitters has been recognized for many years, it was the upward public surge of television in 1946-47 that focused attention on these spurious radiations because of their serious, sometimes disastrous, ef- fect on television pictures. When harmonics were found to be present in excessive strength in the ama- teur's signal, he was required to reduce the interfering waves below a figure established by FCC as a safe level. Until Reinartz intro- duced his simple method of suppres- sion, amateurs often had difliculty in reaching this objective. NBC and Northwestern Join in Summer Radio Courses In collaboration with the Nation- al Broadcasting Company, North- western University will offer twelve courses in professional radio train- ing during sessions of the Summer Radio Institute from June 27 to August 6. In making the announce- ment in the University Bulletin, it was stated that the subjects cov- ered will include station manage- ment, publicity and promotion, sales, dramatic writing and an- nouncing. The faculty will be com- prised largely of NBC personnel. Admission to the Institute is limited and members are selected on a competitive basis. Anyone whose educational background meets the regular admission re- ciuirements of Northwestern is eligible to apply for membership. Institute members normally will be enrolled for a maximum of nine (juarter-hours in the six-weeks ses- sion. All courses carry three quar- ter-hours of credit, with the excep- tion of radio production procedures which represents six quarter-hours. The normal program will consist of three courses in addition to twelve lecture-discussion sessions featur- ing prominent guest speakers. The tuition fee for nine quarter- hours will be $11.5. However, stu- dents registering for fewer than nine-quarter hours will be charged %Vl.r>Q a quarter-hour with a mini- mum tuition of $45. [RADIO AGE 29] Television Projector Suspended from Ceiling Provides 6- by 8-Foot Picture Suit- able for Auditoriums ANEW life-size television pro- jei-tion system, featuring an optical barrel which can be sus- pended from a convenient ceiling mounting, has been announced by RCA. The system is especially adapt- able for use in night clubs, hospitals, taverns, clubs, hotels, industrial plant recreation and lunch rooms, custom-built home installations, churches, schools, and in television broadcast studios for monitoring, sponsors' viewing rooms, and over- flow audiences. The optical barrel which is focused on a screen up to 6 by 8 feet in size, of either front or rear-projection type, is connected to the control console by a 40-foot cable. The console, containing tele- vision and audio components, as well as controls, can be built-in if desired, or placed in an out-of-the- way location. The unit has a 30-watt amplifier, with facilities for microphone and phonograph inputs so that the in- stallation may be used as a public address system when television pro- grams are not on the air. ADJUSTMENT OP TELEVISION PICTURES FROM CEILINC-MOUNTED PROJECTOR IS CARRIED OUT BY A CONTROL CONSOLE LOCATED AT ANY CONVENIENT PLACE IN ROOM OR AUDITORIUM. Tubes in '^Clusters'' Increase Power for Television ANEW method of combining transmitting tubes in groups or "clusters", which materially in- creases the power of television sta- tions operating on ultra-high fre- quencies (300 to 3000 megacycles). has been developed at RCA Labora- tories. The new method makes it possible to handle the normal band of frequencies involved in television transmission with greater signal strength than has heretofore been attained. G. H. Brown, W. C. Morri- son, W. L. Behrend, and J. G. Red- dick of the Laboratories staff col- laborated in the preparation of a [laper describing the system which Mr. Rrown read before the Institute of Radio Engineers. In the RCA method, two trans- mitter tubes — or two complete ti-aiismitters — are teamed through a siJtL-ial network called a duplexer, which permits the combined outputs of the tubes to be fed into the same antenna, thereby doubling the effec- tive power output without narrow- ing the width of the frequency band tiaiismitted. Since the output of the (liil)lexer with the combined power of two lubes acts as a single unit, it is possible to combine two or more duplexers to multiply the out- put proportionately. This process ran be continued to any extent de- sired. nPERATION OF A TELEVISION SET CAN HE CLEARLY EXPLAINED TO SERVICEMEN riiRiirr.ii the i'sk of this dynamic 1>EM0NSTRAT()R. A COMPLETE 80-TlllE KECEIVER COMPRISINC, STANDARD PARTS \E{RANC,U1 FOR QUICK INTERCHANGE AND \DJUSTMENT. JOHN R. MEAGHER. RCA TELEVISION SPECIALLST WHO DEVELOPED THE DEVICE, IS AT THE TUNING CONTROL. [30 RADIO AGE] "Madame X" was the code name, during research and de\clopnKiit, for an entirely new system of recorded music . . . perfected by KCA. 7^t 'e remark -h?6/e ^ac/x?roc//^c/ o/^ H. \ow the identity of "Madame X," till- iinknnwu in a long search for tone [ifi lection, lias been re\ealed. From tills cjnest emerges a complete- ly integrated record-plaving system — records and antomatic plaver— the first to he entirely free of distortion to the trained musical ear . . . The research began 11 years ago at RCA Laboratories. First, basic factors were determined— minimum diameters, at different speeds, of the groove spiral in the record — beyond which distortion would occur; size of stylus to be used; desired length of playing time. From these came the mathematical answer to the record's speed— 45 turns a minute— and to the record's size, only 6'8 inches in diameter. With this speed and size, engineers eoiild giiarantec o'^i minutes of distortion- Iree performance, and the finest (pialily rec- ord in KC;A \'ictor liistory! The record itself is non-breakable \ invl plastic, wafer-thin. Yet it pltit/s as hm^ as a conventional 12-inch record. The new RCA \'ictor automatic record changer accommodates up to 10 of the new records— 1 hour and 40 minutes of playing time— and can be attached to almost any radio, phonograph, or tele- vision combination. Not only records are free of surface noise and distortion — the record phiycr elimi- nates faulty operation, noise, anil cumber- some size. Records are changed (pu'ckly, f|uietlv . . . lU'A \ ictor will continue to supply 78 rpin iuslniinents and records. This far-rcacbiiig advance is one of hundreds which have grown from HC.\ research. Such leadership adds value hct/ond price to anv product or ser\ice ofRCA and RCA Victor. nj^DiO cot9f»ofiJiTtOM erf jinifjetiic/i M/or/c/ L^ac/er in 7^ac//o — T^rsf- in Te/ei/ision It's easy to navigate in Storm, Fog or Starless Night • • « Enables you to determine your exact position in relation to: RADIO BROADCASTING STATIONS ,lf I rO H VISSILS EQUIPPED WITH RADIOTELEPHONIS with RADIOMARINE'S new Radio Direction Finder (>"^7n) Dependable For Navigation In Any Weather. This Radiomarine Moilel AK-8~11 combination liij;li-gr.Klc Katiio Direction Finder and Radio Receiver is both useful and entertaining aboard your boat. It makes navigation easier and safer, regardless of visibility or weather. Enables you to fix accurately your boat's true position. You also can use it as a homing device, steering a true course b\ radio alone. A movable compass rose and azimuth scale mounted on top of the cabi- net give you the direction of the radio beacon signal. Easy to operate. In addition, vou and your guests can listen to radio programs, latest news, weather reports. Model AR-S"^ 1 1 is designed for mounting on a shelf or table, using either an inside or outside loop. It is sturdy and compact. 2H" high, 12"wide, 12"deep. Weight 1-i lbs. Operates from 6, 12, 32 or 115 volts power supply. RADIOMARINE CORPORATION of AMERICA A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA KAniOMAKIM ( OKI'OKA I ION of AMIRK A, 7S Varick Si.. .\i« York 1 .^, N. Y. Offices and dtaltn in principal cilieu Poreign Oiitrihuliott antt Service — RCA InternatitiHul Diviiion, ■■4' Vijih Avenue, New York 7, ,V V. ITliit.-.l III U.S.A. I "\i>u can sliiri' lluiii in >our bookcase!" All Ihc new albums .ind sinylcs arc ihc same convenient si/c that tils an\ book- case shelf ... 18 albums or nearly 150 singles to the foot ! A ciinipletv, auluniutic phonograph onl\ 1(1 inches square! Unbelievable such full tone and volume from an instrument so small! Improved "Silent Sapphire" permanent-point jewel pickup is J limes lighter onlv I ft of an ounce pressure on records. Handsome. dcx'p maroon plastic cab- ^ ^ f\0^' inet. Its an RCA VUioi V-/: >-.J. AC ^ O V Here is television al its clearest, steadiest, best! Pictures are Imkitl in lii/w hv RCA \ iclor's fiye H'ilm'.ss Picture Svnchroni/erl .•\M-hM radio plus hol/i 45 and 78 rpm rcvord chancers li\ the most up-to-date console vou can buv! ^ ^ ^^ ^ ±^i RCA Victor 9TW3'33. AC. only fPlus Federal ux and iasullatioa *595' SEE and HEAR RCA Victor's ^^if^ 45 rpm SYSTEM A completely new approach to recorded music now brings you the first record and changer ever designed together! With this superb system of record playing you can build a record library that stores in a small space . . . costs little . . . and gi\es the most perfect music reproduction you"\e ever heard! Red Seal QC/ji All other records only X «J^ records only nly 65^ At these new low prices vou can casilv alVord the record collection vouvc dreamed of. And the new records, made of non-breakable Vinylite. last up to 10 limes longer! Best of all is "live-talent" quality— a new brilliance and clarity beyond anything you've ever heard. On the new 4.S rpm recordings, for the tirst time in history. ALL the iiiu.sie i^rooves are within the distortion-free "ifiialitv zone." And virtually no surface or "needle" noise! World's fastest changer! Acts sileiitlv. with trigger-action sf>eed! Works vertically, entirely from within the center spindle. You load up to 10 records with one hand, in one swift motion . . . press r>/;<- button once to plav them all automaticallv. Costs you less and works easier because of the amazingly simple new design -far fewer moving parts, no posts or clamps to adjust! ( house the iiuisic vou want! Ml the music vou want when vou want It . . . in the siinie small-si/e rcxords to/'An //; niiv comhimition von choose. There's a wealth of all-time favor- ites and last-minute releases ready for you to enjoy now. \ll on "TH's" too! If vou own a conventional player you can still enjoy a full selection of RCA Victor recordings. All new releases Hill also he issued for the conventional 78 rpm svstein! •All price* are \uti)ccl In change wilhmit nnlice Record price* do nol include I ederal bKcitc or local la»cv "yulroln" — T.M. Reg. U. S. Pal. OIT. Diw>»on of Radio Coiporolion of Amarico WorliJ leader in radio • First in recorded music • First in television ^.=» RADIO AGE RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION )VER >tic-clomed microwave jiving stations known as idomes," erected by C atop the RCA Biiild- , Radio City, insure de- dable. high-i|iiaiity tele- on pici- normal conditions of the human body but may be used to repel bacterial invaders and perhaps strenghten and stimulate normal ceils and tissues. ""How far such tissues and their cells might be increased in their efficiency and probable life span is so far unknown. Who can say how powerful and long-lived man may become as he learns further how to master these fundamental cosmic forces and to apply thcni to himself as well as to the outside world'.'" Under existing conditions, he said, modern man is subjected, to an increasing and dangerous ex- tent, to the need of living at high speed under continued and some- times intense strain, and to the necessity for enduring these con- ditions for prolonged periods. As a result, many persons suffer se- verely, particularly in their nervous systems. Sedatives and similar expedients are poor substitutes foi- a strongei-, more enduring nervous system, he continued, adding: "Maybe correctly selected and ap- plied forms of atomic energy will feed and strengthen our nervous makeup, thus helping us better to meet the jiressures of life. "Today man is largely ruled by his emotional reactions. Perhaps, even the human brain can be strenghtened in its relation to the remainder of the human controlling mechanism. If so, much good would come to mankind." Discusses Atomic Power Discussing the possibility of con- trolling the atomic power within man himself, General SarnofF had this to say: "This at least is certain: if man were capable of I'cleasing and bene- ficiallv controlling even a minor portion of the atomic energy within himself, his jjowers would be tre- mendously enhanced. "What is more, there would be placed at his disposal a practic-dly limitless reservoir of energy. To- day, men face such (juestions as: Why does our individual store of energy deteriorate and our i)hysical and mental power progressively weaken until eventually we die? ""Often old age and its cramped capabilities are indicted too early in life. Could it be that our stores of energy are atomic in character'.' Could it be that through lack of our "ALREADY WK HAVE DISCOVEREI) HOW TO SIM. IT, CHANGE AND CONTROL THE ATOM AND ITS ENKRi;Y."" control of them they gradually de- crease and finally fail".' . . . •'We have but to reflect that plants feed on sunlight — a form of radiation. If radiation of one sort may bring into the world the beauty of a (lower, the growth of a tree and of food for our bodily nourish- ment, may not energy or radiation of another sort bring strength, or- der, and endurance into the hum:in frame? "It is true that today we have no more idea of just how such a process could be carried out than primitive man had of the action of radio, television, or nuclear fission. I!ut the unknown is not the un- knowable. In the case of atomic energy, there is a strong intuitive feeling that this agency will yet lay rich stores of amazing gifts before us, if onl.v we have the determina- tion to overcome the barriers which now guard these gifts." Describing the cosmic nature of man, with his self-contained aggre- gation of matter and energy. Gen- eral SarnofT pointed out that were we to regard man as an evolving cosmos within himself, there would seem to be many capabilities and potentialities as yet unrealized. Thus the theory of the cosmic na- ture of man suggests the possibili- ties for speeding up these evolu- tionary processes, he said. Man Struggles for Survival "In the history of mankind, the struggles of men often have been mainly for sheer survival." he re- called. "For his continued existence, man has needed food, shelter, and clothing. The world wars which devastated the earth have sprung primarily from the desire on the part of one or another people to control the limited resources of this l)lanet. \'ital resources are not evenly distributed on this earth and this fact has produced dissatisfac- tion and hatred. "With the increase in our under- standing of the universe and of our mastery of the great forces of atomic energy, the struggle for mere physical survival should dis- ai'pear. With freedom from this physical struggle, the opportunity for advancing mentally and spiritu- ally will be immeasurably increased. ( (oiitiiiiii ft (Id page II) [6 RADIO AGE] FRANK M. FOI.SOM. Rl'A I'KKSlllKM . L. W. TKK(^AU|iK.N . Ml K I'KI-.SIDKM IN CHARGE OF TECIINKAL PRODUCTS, RCA VICTOR DIVISION. AND NILES TRAMMF.I.L, PRESIDENT OF NBC, EXAMINE THE MILLIONTH TELEVISION PIC- TURE TUBE PRODUCED BV RCA. THE MILLIONTH TV TUBE Production of "Milestone" Kinacope at Lancaster Plant Observed by Television Viewers on 1 1 -Station Network TllK millionth television picture tube to be produced by the Ra- dio Corporation of America rolled off one of the production lines at the fompan.v's Lancaster, Penna., plant on .June 7. under the eyes of KCA officials and millions of tele- viewers alonjr the Atlantic Coast and as far west as Chicago. The tube, which climaxed three years of intensified efforts to produce suffi- cient kinescopes for the mushroom- ing television industry, was a 1(>- inch metal-cone tube. Upon its com- pletion and subsequent test, the tube was inserted in an RCA Victor receiver and presented to the \'all('y Forge Hospital for veteran.s. In an address which was part of the activities celebrating this mile- stone in television progress, Frank M. Folsom, RCA President, recalled the spectacular rise of the video in- dustry since 1946. "In that period," he said, "we have seen the number of television stations grow from five to 67, so that today this new service is with- in reach of 70 million people. We foresee continued progress. Tech- nical improvements will be forth- coming from our laboratories and they will be passed along as they are perfected." During the special 4.5-miniitc [RADl O AGE 1] tck'\ision salute, which also sig- nalized the official opening of Lan- caster's fiivst television station. WGAL-TV. scenes of activities within the busy tube plant \vere transmitted over an NBC Tele- vision Network of 11 stations. Using facilities provided by coaxial cable and radio relays, viewers in Washington. Philadelphia, P.oston. Baltimore, Richmond, liuffalo. Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Lan- caster and New Haven were given an eye-witness step-by-step visual description of the actual manufac- ture of the millionth tube. With Commentator Ben Grauer explain- ing the sequence of scenes as they were picked up by a battery of .\'HC image orthicon cameras, TV set owners watched the "milestone tube" from its beginning. ;is a number of individuid parts, to its completion as a high-quality kine- scope, checked, inspected and in- serted into a receiver. Tube Assembly Revealed ■|"hese viewers saw jets of intense (lame weld the metal cone to the glass tube forming the neck and to the glass face plate which eventu- ally would be the viewing .screen of the kinescope. They witne.ssed the insertion of the finely-engineered and inti-icate electron gun into the neck, and then the majority of viewers learned, for the first time, how the fluorescent material which forms the picture screen was poured into the tube as a liquid solution and allowed to settle out into position on the face plate. During the telecast from Lan- caster. NBC shifted the action briefly to its New York studios for the address by Mr. F'olsom and a musical selection by Miss Blanche Thebom, Metropolitan Opera star. Mass-production of the complex and sensitive television i)icture tube on a conveyor-belt and automatic machinery basis, first achieved at the RCA Lancaster plant in 1916, assured the industry of a large- volume su))i)ly of the most vital comi)onent in a home television re- ceiver. This wtLs followed by the mass-production and mass-market- ing of home television receivers and the oi)eniiig of today's mass- television era. Source of about half of the tele- vision picture tubes now in use in AN IMACE ORTHICON CAMERA. TIED INTO AN 11-STATION .VBC TELEVISIO.V .NETWORK, FOLLOWS THE PROGRESS OF THE MILLIONTH KI.VESCOPE ON THE PRODUCTION LINE AT THE LANCASTER, PA., TUBE PLANT OF KCA. LANIA'TKR PLANT MANAliKK li. V. SMITH PKtSKNTS TIIK MILLIONTH Tl'BE AND AN RCA TELEVISION RECEIVER T(t MAJOR MARJORIE MIRTIN REPRE- SENTING THE VALLEY FORGE HOSPITAL FOR VETERANS. all hiinu' receivers throughout the country, the Lancaster plant was built and operated durinjr the war l)y lU'A as the largest supplier of cathode-ray and power tubes for critical war eiiuipment. At the end of the war, RCA pur- chased the plant from the V. S. Navy and expended a million dol- lars for the development of high- speed automatic machinery special- ly created for processing metal and jrlass tul)es. Plant Capacity Doubled Since that time, further develop- ment of e(|uipment has more than douliled the plant's capacity. And now, in addition, KCA is construct- ing a new manufacturing center at Marion, Indiana, which will be de- voted entirely to i)roduction of the comi)any's newly introduced Hi-inch direct-view metal-cone picture tube. Ill piddiicinjr a million kine- .scopes, enormous i|u;intities of ma- terial were needed. The glass that went into the formation of the tube envelopes weiirhed more than :?,000 tons. Fifteen hundred tons of stain- less steel; 81 miles of tungsten wire; 45,000 gallons of li(|uid air, and 800 miles of nickel and copper wire were consumed. The various proces.ses retiuired 22,000,000 kilo- watt hours of electricity, and to ship the total output of the plant at one time would have ret|uired a train of nearly 1,000 freight cars. Yet the (piantities of these major materials .-ire no more amazing than the variety of substance.s which went into the fabrication of the tube,- themselves. for of the 92 known basic elements in the earth. Lan- caster scientists and engineers found use for more than half of them. Radomes Improve NBC Microwave Reception I .^'( 1 (-(/ri / incline ) Two plastic housings for micro- wave-relay receiving eciuipment have been erected by the National Broadcasting Company on the roof of the (J9-story RCA lUiilding. Radio City, New York, for the pur- pose of improving the pickun o'" television programs originating outside the NBC studios. The plas- tic huts, called "radomes", provide an all-weather point-of-reception at Radio City for video programs transmitted frtmi temporary field l«K-ations within a .'lO-mile radius. According to O. B. Han.son, NBC Vice President and Chief Kncineer. the receiving ecpiipment in the ra- domes consists of a six-foot parab- ola which concentrates the short radio waves — only about l-'i inches in length — toward a waveguide element located at the focal point of the parabola. The latter may be rotated vertically and horizontally for greatest efficiency in picking uji the signals. Provisions are included for heating the radomes in winter and ventilating them in summer. J. H. McConnell Elected Executive V.P. of RCA Election of Joseph H. McConnell as P'xecutive Vice President of the Radio Corporation of America was announced by Frank M. Folsom. President, following a meeting of the Hoard of Directors on July 1. Mr. McConnell, \'ice President in Charge of Finance of RCA since January 7, 10-19, has been as.soci- ated with the Corporation since 1911. In that year, he joined the Legal Department of the RCA Man- ufacturing Company, now the RCA Victor Division. He became Gen- eral Counsel of that organization in 19-12, and three years later he was elected \'ice President and General Attorney of the RCA Victor Divi- sion. From April, 19-17. to January. 1949. he served the same Division as \'ice President in Charge of Law and Finance. A native of Davidson, N. (.'.. Mr. McConnell was graduated from Da- vid.son College in 1927. In 19:U. he received a Law degree from the University of Virginia. He prac- ticed law in West Palm Beach, Fla.. and in Charlotte. N. C. In 19;?."). Mr. McConnell became an associate in the New York law firm of Cotton, Franklin, Wright i Gordon ( now Cahill. Gordon, Zachr> iSc Reindel), where he specialized in legal phases of government regu- lation of corporate enterprise. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa anil Kappa Alpha fraternities. JOSEPH II. MC CONNEI.I. [8 RADIO AGE] Television and Human Rights Possible Invasion of Privacy by Problem to Producers By Robert P. Myers Assistant General Attorney National Broadcasting Company WHEN" television attorneys jr" to bed at night they don't count sheep to fall asleep — they count rights. They count music rights; they count literary rights, motion picture rights, civil rights and defamation, as well as commer- cial rights and a host of contractual rights. If the video lawyer is still awake, he can try to figure out whether his station's television cameras that day invaded the right of privacy of an African potentate at a football game. The insomniac barri.ster is most- ly involved these days with the very complicated problem of music rights. The complications involve the working out of a new agreement with the -American Societ.v of Com- posers. Authors and Publishei's which will replace the so-called "free" license which has existed for musical performances on television since 1941. As many of you know, the Television Music Committee of the National Association of Broad- casters iXABi and the television networks have been conducting a series of negotiations with ASCAP on this very problem. The big problem of working out an ASCAP agreement lies in the scope of the rights which the or- ganization possesses from its mem- bers for television. The problem of a general licensing agreement for some of its music and special li- censing arrangement foi- others of [RADIO AGE 9 Video Cameras Presents Constant of Television Programs its works, is the one on which broad- casters and ASCAP now are hing- ing their negotiations. However, all of us feel that an equitable ar- rangement will be arrived at to per- mit the further use of ASCAP music on video. The music problem, which hap- pens momentarily to be in the tele- vision legal limelight, is but one of scores of new problems that have arisen with the growth of video. Camera May Invade Privacy Another sore point is the possi- bility that the probing electronic eye will invade a person's right of privacy. As an example, suppose that General Marshall were attend- ing the Army-Navy football game: The cameras, spotting him as he entered the arena, would naturally follow him through the portals, up the aisle, and into his seat. I believe this is a matter of legitimate public concern and interest. What's more, every now and then — say after an Army touchdown — the cameras would have a perfect right to "pan" the crowd and settle on General Marshall in the act of cheer- ing the action. But if the broad- caster were to place a camera on Marshall for the duration of the football game, then this would cease to be a news use and become a feature treatment of Marshall. In this instance, it would be a definite violation of his civil rights and he could sue the telecaster for invasion of his right of privacy. This is, obviously, an extreme case but nonetheless it points up the fact that at times there might be a very thin line between the use of television cameras to cover "news" and the making of a "feat- ure" about a personality which could be construed as an invasion of the right of privacy. As a general rule, it must be re- membered that a person cannot be held up to ridicule, that the cameras can cover matters of legitimate public interest but that no indi- vidual should be featured except in a true news sense. At public gather- ings, such as football games, it is certainly permissible to "pan" crowds. Many court decisions have arisen out of these points as they relate to motion pictures, but as yet there has been no clear-cut test re- garding television uses. However, a definite pattern has been evolved as a result of past experiences. It is clear that a camera pointing its eyes to a remote and dark spot in a pickup of a night club could in- vade the right of privacy of two individuals located in that spot. However, in pickups such as those NBC has been making from the Village Barn, where the individuals are apprised in advance that a tele- vision broadcast is being staged, the NBC attorney feels that their antics can be covered without much fear of reprisal. Where a person is held up to ridicule or embarrassment by the television camera, the broadcaster could find himself in trouble. The telecaster must also avoid misrepre- senting a person and his actions or (Ciintiuiied on page hi) TELEVISI.VG GATHERINGS SUCH AS SPORTS EVE.NTS IS .VOT ORDl.VARILY rO.VSIDERED AN INVASION OF THE RIGHT OK PRIVACY IF THE CAMERA PICKS UP A PANORAMA OF THE CROWD A.ND DOES NOT CONCENTRATE ON AN INniVIDUAL. Viewers Rate Television Programs Studio Audience Sola Reactions nitli Hund-hcid Indicators — At Home, Criticism la Rcj^istered by Cues on I \' Images the likes and dislikes of up to 80 individuals a t t e n (I i n >r an NBC "Television Review Time" session. Each audience member moves the instrument's knob to indicate "Good," "Fair" or "Poor". Each movement of the instrument is re- corded by automatic pen, resulting in an individual and collective "pro- file" of the video show. The inauguration of regular (|ualitative testing of TV shows here at NBC is another indication of the speed with which television is pushing to the fore as a com- munications medium. It is a further step in XRC's T\' research program which now includes such features as regular monthly estimates of TV set ownership by cities and surveys in places and periods not covered Ijy syndicated services. Questions Raised By Television Some of the old and new ques- tions raised by television, according to Horace Schwerin. president of the research organization, are: What do audiences think of programs now on the air? How should se(|uencing of jiro- grams be arranged? Which camera techniciues are mo.st acceptable? How long can scenes be held before liking diminishes? By Hugh M. Beville. Jr. Director i>i livsvarcli Satiunal Broadcasting Comitany NVtC television is pioneering the field of television research with audience reaction tests, work- ing in cooperation with the Horace Schwei-in Research Foundation. The Schwerin System of (jrogram- testing utilizes electrical recorders that measure not only immediate individual and collective audience reaction to program content, but also study such related factors as size of viewing screen, film versus live presentation, viewer fatigue, and many others. In setting up the test situations. NBC exhibits kinescope recordings of its top shows in the RCA .Johnny Victor Theatre two or three times a week. Audience reaction is taken with the Schwerin "TV Test-Trig- ger", an instrument which records Are film presentations better liked than live shows, or vice versa, and why? How long will an audience spentl in front of a T\' set? What .shows can be effectively b road c a s t simultaneously on radio and television? How effective are various types of TV commercials? Who is available to see day- time programming, and what kinds of programming have greatest appeal for this group? How can specific programs be slanted toward their primary market audience? On May 17, NBC and Schwerin Research tested simultaneous home reactions of 1."?.000 midwest tele- viewers to "Quiz Kids." Reactions of the huge home sample, largest ever obtained in qualitative tele- vision or radio research, were matched with reactions of two dif- ferent types of studio "control" audiences in New York in the most comprehensive and far-reaching program-testing project ever at- tempted. Revolutionary feature of the home-viewer test was Schwerin's ap|)lication of the "number-cueing" l)rinciple, basis for his organiza- tion's AM radio testing, to tele- vision. Set-owners in the three TV areas viewing "(Juiz Kids" also saw small numbers, flashed for .'i seconds each at approximately -lO-second intervals, superimposed on the pic- ture which appeared on their screens. As they watched the show, they indicated on ballots, which were mailed to them prior to the THE POPl'I.AR "Ql'IZ kids" PROGRAM WAS ONE OF THOSE Jl'miEP BY A SECTION OF THE TELEVISION AUDIENCE rSISr, THE SCHWERIN SYSTEM OF ANALYSIS. THE "Ti;ST TKICCKR" (BELOW) IS HELD BY A VIEWER Wild MOVES THE TENTEIt KNOB TO "I'OOR", "EAIR" OR "COOD" AC- IDltniNC TO HIS REACTION TO PORTIONS OK THE PRUCRAM. RUIIARD PAICE AND HORACE SCHVVERIN DISPLAY THE "TV REACTION RECORDER WITH ITS 80 TRACING PENS EACH OF WHICH IS CONNECTED TO A "TEST TRIGGER" MANIPULATED BY A MEMBER OF THE STUDIO AUDIENCE. show's performance, how they judjred portions of the proj.'ram. Only one of four "sample Kroups" beinjir utilized in the Schwerin proj- ect used the "number-cueinp" sys- tem. Recapitulation of techniciues and size of sample groups beinfr used look like this : Nine thousand midwest TV fam- ilies (random sample) voting on live telecasts by the "number-cue- ing" method. Four thousand additional mid- west TV families, voting simultane- ously on the live telecast, using "pictorial ([uestion" ballots on which successive elements of the show were listed under pictures of Joe Kelley and the Quiz Kids. Twelve hundred pre-selected tele- vision viewers in New York, voting in four SOO-person NBC studio ses- sions on the kinescope recording of the program, projected on a theatre- size screen, using the "number- cueing" method. Audience Records Reaction More than three hundred addi- tional New Yorkers, viewing the kinescope recording on a closad cir- cuit TV iirojt'ction set, in groups of 7.^ each at the RCA .Johnny Victor Theatre, used the "TV Test Trig- ger" and electric pen recording units. Some of the questions this test will answer, are: How enjoyable and effective ai'e "i)anel (luiz" shows? To what extent are visual "gimmicks" necessary? How do audiences react to the T\ version of "Quiz Kids" com- pared to the AM version? Which types of questions are most popular? How should the commercials be handled ? Which groups (by age. sex, income, education) like which portions of the program best, and which least? Television in 1949 is in its ma- ture period. Of all the refinements and improvements in store for the viewer and user of video in the future, none is more important than the NBC-Schwerin testing project. We are sparing no expense to equip our test studios with multiple re- ceivers, projectors, screens, elec- trical recorders and many other technological items. Our purpose is to provids reliable data on audience likes and dislikes in television, so that our regular advertisers and those who haven't yet tried tele- vision will be able to approach the new medium with confidence and familiarity. NBC predicts that no video event of 1949 will surpass the Schwerin tests in ultimate importance to both sponsor and consumer. We have come through the experimental period in television ; now we're ready to apply the acid test of audi- ence reaction to our programs and 111-ogram ideas. MAN AND SCIENCE a iititiiiiicd i riim jxiyt' <> ) With greater powers and better functioning of our physical bodies, may we not reasonably hope for a corresponding improvement in our mental capabilities and spiritual outlook ? "In conclusion. I would like to repeat my belief that the new tools, including electronics and atomic energy, which science continues to m.ake available, put us on the thres- hold of new opportunities. Like- wise, they impose upon us great obligations to use them construc- tively. The hour has come to bring their vast potential benefits to hu- manity through concerted and sys- tematic research for the develop- ment of man himself. Only through such coordinated scientific efforts can man be assured of his survival in this Atomic Age and of the full use of his God-given powers to progress, to live in peace, and to fulfill his destiny." [RADIO AGE 111 lU.liTS AWAITINC THEIR Tl BN TO ClIDE «u SHIPS INTO THE HARBOR PASS THEIR TIME WATfHINt; VIDEO PRIKJRAMS ON AN m A Hi-lNtH RElEIVER IN THE SHIP'S SMiiKINi; I iilSliK PILOT BOAT NEW JERSEY. SHOWINi; THE LMSIAL ■HALo ANTENNA AMID- SHIPS WHIIH PICKS IP TELEVISION SIGNALS FROM NEW YORK AND PHILA- DELPHIA REGARDLESS OK THE POSITION OK THE NEW YORK HARBOR. SHIP WHEN STATIONED OKK Harbor Pilots Boost Television Receiver Installed on New Jersey Relieves Mariners of Boredom While on Station off New York Harbor IN 1917. the pilots who ^alide the world's lai'trest ships — and many smaller ones as well — into and out of New York's traffic-laden harbor in.stalled an RCA ^'i^•tor television receiver aboard the Pilot Boat Xiir Jersey, one of their three floatin>r "homes", thereby joininjr the prog- ress parade of their land-lubber friends. Now. "20 months later, this jrroup of mariners confesses that lon>r-e-stablishe(l shijiboard routines have been drastically revised by the advent of television. The transition took place almost overniRht. Images on the receiver's 10-inch screen moved in to take precedence over marathon card jrames, the reading of books and magazines, and other time-killing devices. Those long evenings which the pilots had faced during tours of duty at their station many miles outside the entrance to New York Harbor became merely a memory. Once again, the magic of television had demonstrated its al)ility to alter prevailing habits of living. Recently, the Sandy Hook pilots went a step further. They replaced their original receiver with one of RCA's new models ecpiipped with a IG-inch metal-cone picture tube. This gives larger, clearer pictures and results in less jockeying for the best viewing posititins in the smok- ing lounge. Television has made inveterate fans of the men, with prizefights rating top priority on their program list. Normally, few seafaring men become bo.xing fans for the obvious reason that they get little oppor- tunity to attend actual bouts ashore. Now the television screen has brought the .si|uared circle to the harbor pilots, and, to a man. they have developed into ringside "ex- perts". Special Antennas Designed r.efore the original installation was made, Robert dray. .Joseph Shuskus and .Icseph Rudolph of the RCA Service Company made sev- eral trial runs on the Xcic Jerxcy experimenting with several types of antennas. They finally designed a special "halo" antenna which, because of its circular shape, enables the S'eir Jersey to pick up all signals clearly, no matter how the ship turns, sways, tir tosses. A rotary converter, installed by the RCA Service Company, solved the problem of changing the ship's di- rect current to the alternating cur- rent retpiired by the RCA set. In addition, the converter isolated the receiver from electric disturbances created by the many motors and generators which otherwise would have affected the picture. At all times, reception has been excellent, despite the pitch and roll of the ship. The men watch pro- grams from the six television sta- tions in New York and vicinity and. occasionally, are able to pick up the three stations in Philadelphia, ovjr 75 miles away. Frequently, wooden benches must be brought in to ac- commodate the crowd which some- times numbers as high as 35 men. "Selection of jirograms is quite a problem," one jiilot remarked. "Our tastes differ greatly, but the first man to reach the set usually wins out. Boxing seems to be the one subject on which we all can agree." The pilots also enjoy baseball, wrestling, dramas and v a r i e t y shows, such as the Milton Berle program. They often sit in the lounge, smoking their pipes, from early evening until the last video program goes off the air. Television, to a great extent, has taken the place of radio, card games and story-telling — the century-old pas- times of seamen. Life on the S'eir Jersey is some- time exciting but more often on the [12 RADIO AGE] dull side. When she leaves the pier on Staten Island for duty just out- side the harbor, the ship carries about 27 licensed pilots and 25 crew members. For two-week periods, the Xetr Jcrnen drifts off Ambrose I.ifrht, sending pilots onto incom- ing liners and pickinjr up those who have just jrnided outjroinjr vessels through the channels and tratllc of the Bay. Since the men spend more time aboard ship than they do in their homes, television has short- ened considerably the lonsr stretch9s between dockiiijrs. Taking TV to sea has proved a boon to the .sea'hien and the industry alike. As a result of the excellent reception and variety of entertain- ment afforded them by the ship- board installation, ninety per cent of the pilots have purchased tele- vision sets for their homes. The fact that the Neir Jeixey's pilots had become such confirmed television fans had one drawback. In spite of the excellent reception UCA TEC'HNUIANS KKKlTl.N(. THK TELK- VISION ANTE.NNA ABOARD THE PILOT BOAT NEW JERSEY. THE SMALL LOOP BELOW THE LARGE A.NTENNA IS FOR STATIO.NS ON CHAN.VELS 7 TO 13. and sharp pictures provided by the orijrinal RCA installation the 10- inch screen proved inadequate for the many spectators who strained, at times, to catch each movement. The idea of .substituting a new RCA set with 12G square inches of picture area was welcomed by all. When the RCA Service Company completed installation of the new receiver, the 10-inch instrument was transferred to the New York, sister-ship of the Xeir Jersey. Three Ships in Pilots' Fleet The Pilot Associations, which op- erate independently, maintain three ships, the New Jersey, New York and Wanderer, as well as four motorboats for transporting the men between their headquarters and incoming vessels. When the New Jersey, largest and most ex- tensively used of the trio, is in dry- dock, operations are transferred to the New York. By popular demand the 10-inch television -set also was transferred but the 16-inch receiver has been made a permanent fixture on the New Jersey. "Television's trial run at sea has been most successful," the pilots declared, "and thanks to RCA craftsmanship it has proved both indispensable and seaworthy. De- spite the heavy vibrations and strenuous use which the smaller set has undergone, it has remained in excellent condition. Television and the Invasion of Human Rights (CoiitiiiKed friiiii page 9) misnaming him. These could lioth result in defamation actions. There are scores of problems, too. on the subject of literary rights, and especially in dramatic works from which motion pictures have subsequently been made. There are copyrights involved, com- mon law rights, and others. In each case, negotiations have to be made on an individual basis since there are no blanket or general li- censes covering dramatic works. Rights in dramatic works may be vested in the author, but in plays which have been sold for motion pictures these rights may have been sold, too. Each contract for dra- matic works has to be checked for both live and kinescope recording. In addition, when motion picture performing rights have been pro- cured there exist subsidiary rights, such as the fact that the movie it- self may be copyrighted, that music must be cleared, that rights inhere in talent, producers, directors, etc. In the event that television broad- casters cannot obtain general li- censes covering a substantial ma- jority of the rights which they will utilize — making it necessary for them to negotiate hundreds of in- dividual licenses each month — it may become desirable if not neces- sary to create a central clearance bureau for rights, with offices in the principal centers where the own- ers of such rights are located. Advanced TV Courses by NBC and Columbia Univ. study of television techni(|ues will be incorporated in 25 jirofes- sional training courses to be offered during the 1949-50 academic year by Columbia University School of General Studies in cooperation with the National Broadcasting Com- pany. The teaching staff will be re- cruited largely from XBC network personnel, with the majority of courses to be given under working conditions in the NBC studios in Radio City, New York. Fourteen network executives are listed as insti'uctors. The curriculum has been dssigned to give fullest possible coverage of radio and TV. There will be courses in basic radio and TV. dramatic writing, news writing, promotion, publicity, news commentary, speech, announcing, acting, use of eciuip- ment, sound effects, audience re- search, international relations, pro- duction and direction, music and the documentary. More than 400 person.s from over 40 states and many foreign coun- tries registered for the radio-T\' courses last year. [RADIO AGE 13] ITIMLS l)K THE LAWTON SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA, APPEAR BEFORE THE TELEVISION CAMERA IN A PLAYLET, "A VISIT TO ITALY." "OPERATION CLASSROOM" Educational Tclcrhiori Introduced to Schooh in Philadelphia Area Through Cooperation of RCA Victor nith Local Agencies and Institutions ther information on the develop- ment of educational television. To date nearly three thousand replies have been received. Here is con- clusive proof that American edu- cators are fully alive to the i)ossi- bilities of television as a teachinjr aid. Meanwhile, e.xcitinjr events were takinjf place in television for .schools around the Philadeli)hia area. The- ory was beinjr translated into action. Prophecy was l)einK transformed into history. The schools of Phila- (iel|)hia and Camden were actually and literally "lookiiifr at television", not in an abstract and speculative manner, but in terms of concrete reality, as an experience shared by thousands of pupils and teachers. This was accomiilishcd through "Operation Classroum", a conper.-i- tive project desijrned to test the effectiveness of television as a sup- plement to cla.ssroom teachinj? dur- ing school hours. This pioneer experiment, the first lonvr-ranvre school television jiroject aimed to reach all jrrade levels, has already attracted nati()nwide atten- tion, and we are receivinir iiupiiries as to how other communities can start their own "Operation ("lass- room". There is no standard for- By Gilbert Chase Manager, Educational Division, RCA Victor Division. E.AIJLV this year the Public Re- lations Department of RCA Victor, throujrh its Educational Di- vision, mailed tn nearly P2.0()0 edu- cators thnuiyfhout the country, an eijfhteen-iJajfe illustrated booklet titled "The Modern School Looks at Television". This was intended to answer some basic questions re- latin); tr) the use of television in schools, and, in the words of F"rank M. Folsom. President of RCA, to inspire the interest of educators "in helping' to develop what may become the jrreatest teachinjr medium known to man". Td each brochure was attached a business reply card ill which the sender requested fur- mula that can be applied every- where, because much depends on local factors. Nevertheless, the story of what has happened in the Philadelphia area may well serve til stimulate and Ruide others in the same direction. Any successful operation bejfins with cooperation and is carried ihrou^h by more of the same. In Philadelphia the commercial broad- (.astinjr stations had a well-estab- lished i)(>licy of cooperation with the school system in present injr pro- grams of an educational nature, first on AM radio and more recently on television. There was, however, a serious obstacle in the way of scheduling' television programs for in-school viewinjr, namely, that hardly any schools were equipi)ed with receivers. While this condition prevailed, the stations could scarcely be expected to undertake the ex- pense of preparing special school programs, and the schools had no inducement to acquire sets as lonjr as there no were programs espe- cially designed and scheduled for them. Obviously, it was necessary for a third party to step in and break this deadlock. Works Closely With Schools The Kducational Division of RCA X'ictor, for its jiart. had lon>r been workinjr closely with the schools to encourafre and develop every phase of audio-visual education. It was natural, therefore, that we should ofl"er our cooperation in makinjr available a certain numl)er of tele- vision receivers, on an experimental loan basis, to schools in Philailel- phia, in Camden, and the suburban area. Thirty-one RCA Victor table- model television receivers were made available for this purpose, and the schools in which they were to he installed were selected by school authorities. Two sets were placed in each of the seven public .school districts of Philadelphia lone in an elementary school and one in a junior hijfh school i, six sets in Cam- den public schools, eipht sets in Catholic parochial schools in Phila- delphia and Camden, and the re- mainder in adjacent townships. With the installation of sets as- sured, the planning' of a well- rounded projrram schedule was un- [14 RADIO AGE] dertaken by representatives of the school systems in consultation with personnel of the Philadelphia Bul- letin's television station \VCAU-T\'. which agreed to enter the project as a public service to the community. Miss .Martha A. Gable, of the Phila- delphia pulilic schools, and Miss Margaret Kearney, of the I'hihulcl- phia diocesan schools, working to- jrether with Mrs. Ruth Weir Miller, educational director of Station WCAU, devised a series of four weekly telecasts desijrned to reach all jrrade levels from primary to senior high. As a result, early last March, "Operation Classroom" (as the experimental project was called i went into action. Four Proj^ram^ Telecast H't't-t/i The four weekly school projrranis were broadcast on the followiuK schedule: Mondays at 3:00 P.M. for primary grades 1 to 3, Wednesdays at the same hour for intermediate elementary grades 4 to 6, Thursdays for junior and senior high schools (1:00 to 1:30 P.M. i, Fridays at 1 :00 P.M. for junior high school students. The Thursday program was the televised version of a voca- tional guidance series known as "Career Forum" that had long proved successful on radio. Programs for primary grades included such topics as "Music Through Rhythm", "We Learn to Read". "Your Books Come to Life" (dramatization of favorite chil- dren's books), and "A Visit to Story land" ( China >. Youngsters in grades four to six witnessed pro- grams dealing with social studies ("We Visit Italy"), art ("Costumes 'Round the World"), music ("Let's Make Musical Instruments"), and science ( "\\'hat Makes Weather" i. Designed for junior high school stu- dents were telecasts on such sub- jects as city planning, transporta- tion, art and architecture, and social studies. Teachers, pupils, and out- standing leaders in various fields took i)art in the programs. Detailed evaluation sheets and questionnaires were sent to all schools participating in the project, to be tilled in by the teachers who actually used the programs. Of those who replied, ninety-eight per- cent agreed that telexision was an effective and valuable teaching aid. In some schools, the pupils were also invited to write down their comments. This typical comment came from a fourth grade young- ster: "I think the telecasts were fine. I liked them because they taught me things I wanted to know". Yes, television not only teaches children the things they want to know, but also teaches them in a way that holds their interest and that causes the knowledge to remain in their minds. In the words of Rnth Weir Miller. "If the objective of teaching is the acquisition of concepts, then television is the most dynamic tool the teacher has ever had at her command." Of course, television cannot take the place of the teacher: its full effectiveness will always depend on how effec- tively the teacher uses it. Local TV Stations Cooperate On April 22nd, Station WFIL- TV, the Philadelphia hiquirer's television outlet, began two series of school telecasts, scheduled in suc- cessive periods on Friday after- noons. One of these was a series on civics, titled "Government in STLDE.VTS BECOME ACTORS IN .\ TELEVISION DRAMA DEPICTING THE rfSTOMS OF A F-OREIG.N COUNTRY, ONE OF THE EPfCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN •'OPERATION CLASSROM-i ■ Action", designed for junior high school students and dealing chiefly with municipal administration. The other series, directed to elementary schools, dealt with health and fit- ness and was called "Fit as a Fiddle". The third television station in Philadelphia, Station WPTZ, also made a notable contribution to in- school television with a special series of three weekly programs, beginning in March, designed for viewing by high school students in public, parochial and private schools. Thanks to the public- spirited activity of the local sta- tions, as many as nine telecasts were made available in one week to schools in Philadelphia and its suburljs. This undoubtedly consti- tutes some kind of a record. Many institutions, agencies, and industries contributed to the suc- cess of the programs by making available specialized personnel for interviews and demonstrations and by lending equijimeut and materials to be placed before the television camera. Among such agencies and institutions were The Franklin In- stitute, the City Planning Commis- sion, the Philadelphia City Council, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Philadelphia Zoo, the Police De- partment, the Department of Sani- tation, etc. Once again, this stresses the all-important factor of coopera- tion, and emphasizes television's ability to bring the outside world into the classroom. Adults Enjoy Classroom TV i Telecasts designed for in-school reception are not necessarily limited in their appeal to pupils and teach- ers. As a little girl in the fourth grade of the Edmunds School wrote, "My Grandmother also looked at 'Operation Classroom'. She liked it too." RCA \'ictor dealers and distrib- utors in many television centers throughout the country have shown a keen interest in "Operation Class- room", and undoubtedly will help to stimulate similar activity in other cities. In this area it is planned to expand the project for the next school year, with the cooperation of local RCA ^■ictor dealers and of the Raymond Rosen Company. RCA \'ictor distributfir in Philadelphia. [RADIO AGE 15] m PT. REYES* KOAi BOLINAS SAN FRANCISCO DENVER KNBC ILL n I KNEH LOS ANGELES LEGEND TELEVISION STATION (KEY STATION OF NBC-TV NETWORK) BROADCAST STATION (KEY STATION OF NBC NETWORK OF 170 OUTLETS) OVERSEAS TRANSMiniNG STATION n. WORLD-WIDE RECEIVING 1 STATION MARINE COASTAL STATION >7f? o iWTAM In I WNBK CLEVELAND ' CHATHAM n. RIVERHEAD ROCKY POINT RCA UBORATORIES* PRINCETON NEW BRUNSWICK LANCASTER 9 BALTIMORE < CAMDEN ©TUCKERTON o. WASHINGTON m uwRC WNBW o SAVANNAH O o. PORT ARTHUR o. TAMPA ' IQ. LAKE WORTH Trains Employees for Careers NBC Conducti txtensiyc Courses to Develop Personnel for Execiitire Positions in Radio and Tclcriaion By Ernest de la Ossa Dirrrtor of I'ernoniicl National Uroadcasting Comiiaiiy AS the pioneer in broadcast net- _/\^ work operations, the National Rroarlc-astinj: ("ompany, since its formation in 1926, has been the Koal of thdusaiuis of youHK peoi)le seek- injr opportunities in a fast-movinjr industry dedicated to public service. Actually, radio's appeal to the career seeker is many-sided. The business moves ahead rai)idly; it has the KbiTiour of novelty continu- ally renewed, and throujrh deeds, it has ac(|uired a well-deserved posi- tion as a medium of service to the masses. Younjr api)Iicants for employ- ments are aware of this three-way keynote of newness, accomplishment and service. At the same time, these attributes demand of neophytes a mature outlook at an early business ajfe and a willinjfness to jrive un- stintedly of their labor. It is not surprisinjr. therefore, that the question I am asked most fretiuently is this: "What does NBC look for primarily when inter- viewing applicants?" The answer involves several basic points. Does the applicant exhil)it a sincerity of purpose, a willingness to work hard, and the potential capacity to develop him.self in the hijfhly competitive atmosphere of the broadcasting field? Does he possess a tempered imagination and a natural creafive- ne.ss; does he have a sense of social responsibility? I^st I jrive the im- pre.ssion that XHC's Per.«f)nnel ,StafT has ;i mystical power of analysis. [18 RADIO AGE] let me say here that all of these desirable factors in a prospective employee cannot always be deter- mined in an interview. In fact, some are not developed until the newcomer has been at his assigned task for some time. That is why NBC has established a system of training and job analy- sis to observe the progress that younjr employees make within the Company. This constant but friend- ly scrutiny is essential if NBC is to build a reservoir of personnel in all branches — administrative, exec- utive and creative — to meet the challenges of an ever-chanpinp business. The scope of NBC's training ac- tivities ranges from orientation programs to those of supervisory training and executive development. All new employees are given a five-hour orientation course during the first week of their e-nplovment to acquaint them with the hist'M'v of the Company, its ovcr:>,ll organi- zation and its operational and per- sonnel policies. Young men and women employed in such positions as guides, pages, messengers, stenographers, clerks and other junior classifications are selected for a variety of foi'nial training to better prepare them for promotion to higher oi)erating posi- tions. .Announcing classes, infor- mation lectures and discussions with Management representatives and Department Heads on Company operations and job opportunities, and on-the-job assignments in op- erating department.* are provided for those employees who pos.sess the necessary qualifications for ad- vancement to positions of higher responsibility. Qualified Employed Trained \ group of top <|Ualified young college graduates is engaged for assignment to the NBC E.xecutive Training Stiuad. These young men are assigned to specific on-the-job training for a period of 12 to 18 months based on a pre-planned program a.ssigning them to all phases of oi)erations related to one of the following four Company ac- tivities: 1) Sound Program; 2) Finance and Services: 3) Sales; 4) Television. At the end of the formal training period, trainees are as- signed to key junior administrative positions. Technical training jilays an im- jKirtant part in NBC's training pro- gram. Young men from technical schools and colleges are engaged for training in Television and Sound Engineering operations. The train- ing consists of both classroom and on-the-job instructions enabling the trainee to gain practical knowledge of the technical i)lant and all phases of engineering operations. Re- fresher courses for senior engineers are also conducted to assist these employees in keeping up with tech- nical advances and changes in Com- pany technical operating procedures. So that employees at all levels of operations may have the opi)ortu- nity to keep up-to-date on Company operations and organization, a NBC PERSO.N'NKL MANAfiER TED THOMPSON CONPITTS A SESSION OF THE network's JfNIoR EXECl'TIVE TRAINING CROUP. Ullll.NL\ HASTO.N. lUULl Till; liF KMil NhKKl.Wi lUAIN- INC, EXPLAINS THE OPERATION OK A CONTROL BOARD TO NBC TRAINEES. SLI'ERVISOU CKORGE GRAHAM OV 1 1,1 l.\ 1,- 1' iN l.NMNKER- ING TRAINING POINTS OUT THE DETAILS OF A VIDEO CIRCUIT TO A STUDENT TECHNICIAN. series of all-employee information meetings and panel discussions is scheduled periodically throughout the year. Department Directors and Managers discuss their organiza- tion and operations and point out the part that their functions play in the overall operations and objec- tives of the Company. The most recent series of this type, running for a period of eight weeks, was de- voted to discussions of all phases of NBC's television operations. Supervisory training is an in- tegral part of XRC's training ac- tivities. Supervisors in all depart- ments meet regularly each month to discuss supervisory problems re- lating to job instruction, job rela- tions and human engineering. At the Management and staff level a program of executive devel- opment is carried on continually. At this level training is offered for the most part on an individual basis. Training timetables are established for key personnel to insure that the employee will be afforded every opportunity to develop his ability and i|ualifications to assume higher executive assignments. Many Opportunities in Radio In tliscussing the advantages of employment in any industry there can be no better proof of the op- portunities existing than a mention of individuals who have made nota- ble successes of their chosen voca- tions. During the past 23 years, thousands of young men and women k have been employed by NBC as Pipages and guides. Their duty is to Jmeet and greet the millions of NBC guests and escort them through broadcasting and television opera- tions. Today, the roll of nearly every department of the National Hroadcasting Company reveals numerous executive or creative spe- cialists who have risen from the ranks after putting in a period of t r a i n i n g and indoctrination as pages. Paul Rittenhouse. manager of the Guest Relations Department: Theodore Thompson, p e r s o n n e 1 manager: Tom McFadden, manager of stations WNBC. WNBC-FM and WNBT, and William Garden, now a television program producer, launched their careers in this man- ner. .John Tiedeman, budget officer of the Comi)any, and George Wal- lace, manager of Network Sales Promotion, also once wore the uni- form of NBC guides. Numerous others have advanced to responsible positions outside the Company : many have even developed into noted artists of the networks. It should be understood, however, that not all jobs in broadcasting are bathed in glamour. NBC also has a large staff working behind the scenes but etjually essential to the smooth-operating team that has cre- ated the nation's Number One Net- work. Included are messengers, operators of duplicating and mimeo- graph machines, typists, clerks, and a wide variety of other people whose occupations are indispensable in the conduct of any large corporation. Television Opened New Doors The advent of modern television in late 1946 opened many new op- portunities for those with the spe- cial qualifications inherent to the video field. Television, like radio, must depend heavily upon young people, but the problems and chal- lenges of the new medium demand workers with imagination and a readiness to accept responsibilities. Not long ago, Mr. Niles Tram- mel!. NBC President, who .started his Company career as a member of its sales staff, summarized the radio cmi)loyment situation in this suc- cinct paragraph: "We want enthusiasm and zest in our business, but the basic essen- tial is the type of dependable skill and judgment that is characteristic of the professional in any line of endeavor. The 'pro' may not be brilliant but his day-in, day-out lierformance is absolutely reliable. The key jobs in broadcasting go to the people who have professional competence and reliability." "KUKLA" NAMED BEST TELEVISION PROGRAM "Kukla. Fran and OUie" recently was honored by the Chicago Fed- erated Advertising Clubs as "the best television program of any kind produced in Chicago". Burr Till- strom, creator and impresario of the i)rogram which is sponsored on .•i2 stations of the NBC Television Network by RCA Victor Division, accepted the award. This is the second successive year that "Kukla. Fran and Ollie", has received this tribute, the third won by the show in recent months. Pre- viously, it was given the citation of merit of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, and an award at the 19th Institute for Education by Radio at Ohio State University. [RADIO AGE 19] Television Outlook is Bright In Address to Stockfioldcrs at SOtli .-Itiiiual Mvcting of Corporation, General Sarnoff Says Tclevisiott is Safeguard Against a Serious Economic Recession — Chairman of Board Rereals 1948 as Most Successful Year in RCA History TKI.E VISION, continually jrrow- injr in popularity as a new servit-e and industry, is becominn a vital fai-tor in the Nation's econ- omy, lirifradier General David Sar- noff, Chairman of the Hoard of the Radio Corporation of America, re- ported at the 30th Annual Meeting of KCA stockholders held May 3 in a studio of the National Hroadcast- in^ Company at Radio City. He .said that television is "one of the safe^'uards ajrainst a serious eco- nomic recession". Pointing out that the impact of war and the subseiiuent reconver- sion period created an unusual situation. General Sarnoff said: "In the return to more normal business conditions, where the law of supply and demand again is in operation, and to a buyer's market in which competition is keener — it is clear that 1919 will be a more difficult year than 1948." Net profit, after taxes, of RCA for the first (luarter of 19-19, he re- ported, was $5,9.32,()S:{, an increase of $167,58.5, compared with the same iieriod in 1948. Profit for the fir.st quarter of 1949 — before Fed- eral Income Ta.xes — amounted to $9,801,(),s:{. compared with $9.(131.- 198 in 1948. Karnings |)er common share for the first (|uarter of this year amounted to .37.1 cents, as compared with 35.8 cents per common share for the first i|iiart«T in 1948. Consolidated gross income of RCA during the first ipiarter of 1949 amounted to S92.327.827, com- pared with $88,053,297 for the same period last year. This repre- sents an increase of $4,274,530 over the 1948 figure. General Sarnoff reported that during the past ten years RCA has paid more than $65,000,000 or 53 per cent of net jn-ofits. in dividends to its stockholders. Of this amount. $31,820,000 was paid to holders of preferred stock and $33,254,000 was paid on the common stock. He said that during the same ten-year period the net worth of the Cor- |)oration was increased by $60,000.- 000. and now exceeds SI 27.000. 00(t. Most Successful Year of RCA The year 1948, he recalled, was the most successful in the history of the Coriioration — either during peace or war. \'olume of business was higher. i)ro(its earned were larger, and dividends paid to stock- holders were greater than any other year since RCA was founded in 1919. On May 1 of this year. RCA per- sounel numl)ere(l moi-e than 41.000. lie said, luaisiiig the loyalty and spirit of cooperation given to the {'(U-jioration by employees. "It is gratifying to report that there were no strikes in RCA dur- ing the past year," declared General .Sarnoff. "Labor piolilcnis that arose from time to time were .solved through collective bargaining with the forty-three unions representing our workers." Reviewing current operations of RCA, which include research, en- gineering, manufacturing, broad- casting and world-wide communica- tions. General Sarnoff discussed some of the problems for which RCA is seeking solutions. "First," he said, "let us consider television. Here is a new art and industry, which must be developed within the framework of govern- mental regulation as to technical standards, number of stations that can lie owned by any one company, and other matters. The growth of television today and tomorrow is not dejiendent merely upon manu- facturing and selling transmitters ;ind receivers. Many regulations control its advance and. while di- rected chiefly at the transmitting end. they also affect the receiving end. "In recent months, you doubtless have read some of the dire predic- tions about ((uick obsolescence of television receivers. Many facts have been omitted. No one need hesitate to buy a present-day type of television receiver, for there is no indication that receivers of 1949 design will be obsolete in the near future. It is interesting to note that RCA \'ictor television receiv- ers, first inti-odiiced to the puiilic I'ltoIX ( TION LINKS OK MKTAL-fONK A.ND ALL-CLASS TKLEVISION PICTl'RK TUBES AT RCa'S LANCASTER. PA.. PLANT. ill 1939. are still in use and Kivinjr satisfaction, although more than ten years have passed. "Television is too powerful a force for the public good to be stopped by misleading propagandi. No one can retard its advance any more than the carriage maker could stop the automobile, the cable, the wireless, or the silent picture the talkies. Television is something the public has long desired and is eager to have. It is here to stay, because the people like television and want it." Audience Cooperation Needed General Sarnoff urged patience on the part of the public while showmen and performers develop improved techniques, declaring that only through the cooperation of the audience will the showmen know what to provide in entertainment, news and education. "Ultimately the success of tele- vision will rest primarily on pro- gramming," he declared. "Tele- vision is a new force in communica- tions, and it is also a remarkable new art form. As such it is frought with problems and requires experi- mentation, both scientific and artis- tic, to determine the direction of progress that will satisfy the nubl'c. "We in RCA — now, as in the past — gladly abide by the public's decision, for we have found public opinion to be essential in charting the future of an invention, an in- dustry, or an art. This is in keep- ing with the character of a country that enjoys freedom to invent, free- dom to compete, freedom to think, and freedom to criticize. . . . "The outlook for television in 1949 is bright. It is continually gaining in popularity with the pub- lic, and as a new industry, it is one of the safeguards against a serious economic recession for it promises to be a vital factor in the Nation's economy. "The radio industry is particu- larly fortunate in being closely allied with science and invention. This alliance always holds the promise of new products and new services. Scientific research is as vital a function in the RCA as is manufacturing or broadcasting. Radio has been, and will continue to be, a broad field for new develop- ments and expansion. Even in this day of television, we believe that we are only on the threshold, for radio is still a fertile field for in- vention, discovery and progress. "We have seen radio broadcast- ing, talkies, television, radar. Ultra- fax and the new field of electronics evolve from the small beginnings of the early wireless." Recalling RCA Victor's pioneer- ing and world leadership in recorded music. General Sarnoff praised the development of the new 4.5-rpm phonograph system which RCA \'ictor recently introduced to the public. He said that the new sys- tem solved problems as old as the industry itself and presented new standards of value and perform- ance, unmatched by any other rec- ol'KltA .